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135. Cavalieri SJ, Biehle JR, Sanders WE (1995) Synergistic activities of clarithromycin and
antituberculous drugs against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob
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136. Falzon D, Schünemann HJ, Harausz E, González-Angulo L, Lienhardt C, Jaramillo E,
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of pharmacology. Funct Neurol 30:79–81
120. Boguski MS, Mandl KD, Sukhatme VP (2009) Drug discovery. Repurposing with a
difference. Science 324:1394–1395
121. Kato S, Moulder SL, Ueno NT, Wheler JJ, Meric-Bernstam F, Kurzrock R, Janku F (2015)
Challenges and perspective of drug repurposing strategies in early phase clinical trials.
Oncoscience 2:576–580
122. Napper AD, Mucke HA (2015) A special focus on drug repurposing, rescue, and
repositioning. Assay Drug Dev Technol 13:293
123. Oprea TI, Mestres J (2012) Drug repurposing: far beyond new targets for old drugs. AAPS J
14:759–763
124. Strittmatter SM (2014) Overcoming drug development bottlenecks with repurposing: old
drugs learn new tricks. Nat Med 20:590–591
125. Solapure S, Dinesh N, Shandil R, Ramachandran V, Sharma S, Bhattacharjee D, Ganguly S,
Reddy J, Ahuja V, Panduga V, Parab M, Vishwas KG, Kumar N, Balganesh M,
Balasubramanian V (2013) In vitro and in vivo efficacy of beta-lactams against replicating
and slowly growing/nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents
Chemother 57:2506–2510
126. Correale S, Ruggiero A, Capparelli R, Pedone E, Berisio R (2013) Structures of free and
inhibited forms of the L,D-transpeptidase LdtMt1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Acta
Crystallographica Section D 69:1697–1706
127. Zheng H, Colvin CJ, Johnson BK, Kirchhoff PD, Wilson M, Jorgensen-Muga K, Larsen SD,
Abramovitch RB (2017) Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosRST signaling and
persistence. Nat Chem Biol 13:218–225
128. Singhal A, Jie L, Kumar P, Hong GS, Leow MK, Paleja B, Tsenova L, Kurepina N, Chen J,
Zolezzi F, Kreiswirth B, Poidinger M, Chee C, Kaplan G, Wang YT, De Libero G (2014)
Metformin as adjunct antituberculosis therapy. Sci Transl Med 6:263ra159
129. Marupuru S, Senapati P, Pathadka S, Miraj SS, Unnikrishnan MK, Manu MK (2017)
Protective effect of metformin against tuberculosis infections in diabetic patients: an
observational study of south Indian tertiary healthcare facility. Braz J Infect Dis Off Publ
Braz Soc Infect Dis 312–316
130. Tyagi S, Ammerman NC, Li SY, Adamson J, Converse PJ, Swanson RV, Almeida DV,
Grosset JH (2015) Clofazimine shortens the duration of the first-line treatment regimen for
experimental chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112:869–874
131. Levy L, Randall HP (1970) A study of skin pigmentation by clofazimine. International
journal of leprosy and other mycobacterial diseases: official organ of the International
Leprosy Association 38:404–416
132. Murashov MD, LaLone V, Rzeczycki PM, Keswani RK, Yoon GS, Sud S, Rajeswaran W,
Larsen S, Stringer KA, Rosania GR (2017) The physicochemical basis of
clofazimine-induced skin pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 697–703
133. Tanaka E, Kimoto T, Tsuyuguchi K, Watanabe I, Matsumoto H, Niimi A, Suzuki K,
Murayama T, Amitani R, Kuze F (1999) Effect of clarithromycin regimen for Mycobacterium
avium complex pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:866–872
134. Lebel M (1993) Pharmacokinetic properties of clarithromycin: a comparison with
erythromycin and azithromycin. Canad J infectious Dis (Journal canadien des maladies
infectieuses) 4:148–152
135. Cavalieri SJ, Biehle JR, Sanders WE (1995) Synergistic activities of clarithromycin and
antituberculous drugs against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother 39:1542–1545
136. Falzon D, Schünemann HJ, Harausz E, González-Angulo L, Lienhardt C, Jaramillo E,
Weyer K (2017) World Health Organization treatment guidelines for drug-resistant
tuberculosis, 2016 update. Eur Respir J 49:1602308
344
A. C. Pushkaran et al.