3.1 Introduction..................................................................................................42
3.2 Biodiesel Production ...................................................................................44
3.2.1 Alkaline Transesterification ........................................................... 45
3.2.1.1 Purification of Biodiesel ................................................... 46
3.2.1.2 Alcohol to Oil Molar Ratio............................................... 47
3.2.1.3 Catalyst ............................................................................... 48
3.2.1.4 Reaction Temperature ...................................................... 48
3.2.1.5 Mixing Intensity................................................................ 48
3.2.1.6 Purity of Reactants............................................................ 49
3.2.1.7 Effect of Reaction Time .................................................... 49
3.2.2 Acid Catalyst Transesterification................................................... 49
3.2.3 Supercritical Alcoholysis ................................................................ 51
3.2.4 Lipase Catalyzed Transesterification ............................................54
3.2.5 Ultrasonic Transesterification ........................................................ 55
3.2.6 Comparison of Biodiesel Production Methods ........................... 57
3.3 Biodiesel Process Equipments.................................................................... 57
3.4 Biodiesel Properties ..................................................................................... 58
3.4.1 Flash Point......................................................................................... 59
3.4.2 Water Sediment ................................................................................ 59
3.4.3 Kinematic Viscosity ......................................................................... 59
3.4.4 Density .............................................................................................. 60
3.4.5 Cetane Number ................................................................................ 60
3.4.6 Distillation Characteristics ............................................................. 60
3.4.7 Cold Filter Plugging Point .............................................................. 60
3.4.8 Pour Point and Cloud Point............................................................ 61
3.4.9 Stability.............................................................................................. 61
3.4.10 Free Glycerol and Total Glycerol.................................................... 62
3.4.11 Ester Content ....................................................................................63
3.4.12 Sulfur .................................................................................................64
3.4.13 Carbon Residue ................................................................................64
3.4.14 Copper Strip Corrosion................................................................... 66
3.4.15 Sulfated Ash ..................................................................................... 66
3
Biodiesel
Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas, Simon Jayaraj,
and Chandrasekaran Muraleedharan
CONTENTS
41
3.2 Biodiesel Production ...................................................................................44
3.2.1 Alkaline Transesterification ........................................................... 45
3.2.1.1 Purification of Biodiesel ................................................... 46
3.2.1.2 Alcohol to Oil Molar Ratio............................................... 47
3.2.1.3 Catalyst ............................................................................... 48
3.2.1.4 Reaction Temperature ...................................................... 48
3.2.1.5 Mixing Intensity................................................................ 48
3.2.1.6 Purity of Reactants............................................................ 49
3.2.1.7 Effect of Reaction Time .................................................... 49
3.2.2 Acid Catalyst Transesterification................................................... 49
3.2.3 Supercritical Alcoholysis ................................................................ 51
3.2.4 Lipase Catalyzed Transesterification ............................................54
3.2.5 Ultrasonic Transesterification ........................................................ 55
3.2.6 Comparison of Biodiesel Production Methods ........................... 57
3.3 Biodiesel Process Equipments.................................................................... 57
3.4 Biodiesel Properties ..................................................................................... 58
3.4.1 Flash Point......................................................................................... 59
3.4.2 Water Sediment ................................................................................ 59
3.4.3 Kinematic Viscosity ......................................................................... 59
3.4.4 Density .............................................................................................. 60
3.4.5 Cetane Number ................................................................................ 60
3.4.6 Distillation Characteristics ............................................................. 60
3.4.7 Cold Filter Plugging Point .............................................................. 60
3.4.8 Pour Point and Cloud Point............................................................ 61
3.4.9 Stability.............................................................................................. 61
3.4.10 Free Glycerol and Total Glycerol.................................................... 62
3.4.11 Ester Content ....................................................................................63
3.4.12 Sulfur .................................................................................................64
3.4.13 Carbon Residue ................................................................................64
3.4.14 Copper Strip Corrosion................................................................... 66
3.4.15 Sulfated Ash ..................................................................................... 66
3
Biodiesel
Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas, Simon Jayaraj,
and Chandrasekaran Muraleedharan
CONTENTS
41