Water solubility, @ 21°C
,
Fuel in water
Negligible
Negligible
100
100
4.8
—
—
—
—
volume %
Water in fuel,
Negligible
Negligible
100
100
1.5
—
—
—
—
volume
%
Freezing point, °C
–40
–40 to –1
–97.5
–114
–108.8
–187.7
–182.2
–259.4
–3.3 to 18.8

(pour point)

(cloud point)
Viscosity
Centipoise @ 20°C
0.5–0.6
2.8–5.0
0.74
1.50
0.47
—
—
—
—
Flash point,
–43
60–80
11
13
–26
–104
–184
—
100–170
closed cup, °C
Autoignition
257
316
464
423
435
450
482–632
500
—
temperature, °C
,
Flammability limits volume %
Lower
1.4
1
7.3
4.3
1.6
2.2
5.3
4.1
—
Higher
7.6
6
36
19
8.4
9.5
15
74
—
Latent heat of vaporization
3
kJ/m @ 15.5°C
251
195
931
663
241
216
—
—
—
kJ/kg @ 15.5°C
348.9
232.6
1177
921.1
321.0
449.2
509.4
446.8
—
kJ/kg air for
23.26
18.61
182.4
102.3
27.5
—
—
—
—
stoichiometric
mixture 15.5°C
Heating value
Higher (liquid
46.53
45.76
22.88
29.84
37.95
50.23
52.22
1
139.1
40.16
fuel–liquid water)
MJ/kg @ 15.5°C
(Continued)
421
Appendix: Fuel Properties