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Alternative Fuels for Transportation
FM
B
E
F
RP
RMG
Launching
RT
FT
FP
D
D
Normal driving
FM
B
E
F
RP
RMG
RT
FT
FP
D
D
Cranking
FM
B
E
F
RP
RMG
RT
FT
FP
D
D
Decelerating/braking
FM
B
E
F
RP
RMG
RT
FT
FP
D
D
Accelerating
Battery charging during driving
FM
B
E
F
RP
RMG
RT
FT
FP
D
D
B: Battery
F: Fuel tank
FM: Front motor
FP: Front power converter
FT: Front axle transmission
E: Engine
D: Differential
RMG: Rear motor/generator
RP: Rear power converter
RT: Rear axle transmission
FM
B
E
F
RP
RMG
RT
FT
FP
D
D
Electrical link
Hydraulic link
Mechanical link
Figure 12.9
Dual-axle (front-electric rear-hybrid) complex hybrid operating modes.
the ISG system is fueled by two technologies—the electric machine and
power converter.
The electric machine is the core of the ISG system (Cai 2004). Because
of the fundamental drawback of wear and tear of carbon brushes, the DC
machine is ill-suited. Among those viable brushless machines, the induction
machine exhibits the advantages of low cost and high robustness, but needs
complicated control to provide wide-speed generation (Chen et al. 2002;
Jiang, Chau, and Chan 2003). The switched reluctance (SR) machine takes