10.1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 296
10.2 Principle of Electric Vehicles .................................................................. 296
10.3 Construction of Electric Vehicles........................................................... 297
10.3.1 Motor ........................................................................................... 297
10.3.1.1 DC Series Motor ........................................................300
10.3.1.2 DC Shunt Motor ........................................................ 301
10.3.1.3 DC Compound Motors............................................. 301
10.3.1.4 Separately Excited DC Motor .................................. 303
10.3.1.5 AC Motor Drives ....................................................... 303
10.3.2 Battery Storage Systems ............................................................304
10.3.2.1 Requirement of Electric Vehicle Batteries .............304
10.3.2.2 Electric Vehicle Batteries ..........................................305
10.3.2.3 Lead–Acid Batteries .................................................. 307
10.3.2.4 Nickel-Based Batteries..............................................308
10.3.2.5 Lithium-Based Batteries........................................... 310
10.3.3 Motor Controllers....................................................................... 310
10.4 Charging of Electric Vehicle Batteries .................................................. 313
10.4.1 Charging Techniques ................................................................ 314
10.5 Vehicle Tests.............................................................................................. 315
10.6 Solar Electric Vehicles ............................................................................. 316
10.6.1 Design of Solar Vehicles............................................................ 317
10.6.2 Photo Voltaic Cells ..................................................................... 317
10.6.3 Solar Arrays ................................................................................ 318
10.7 Applications of Electric Vehicles ........................................................... 319
10.8 Benefits of Electric Vehicles .................................................................... 319
10.9 Challenges of Electric Vehicles .............................................................. 320
References............................................................................................................. 320
10
Electric Vehicles
Nallusamy Nallusamy, Paramasivam Sakthivel,
Abhijeet Chausalkar, and Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas
CONTENTS
295
10.2 Principle of Electric Vehicles .................................................................. 296
10.3 Construction of Electric Vehicles........................................................... 297
10.3.1 Motor ........................................................................................... 297
10.3.1.1 DC Series Motor ........................................................300
10.3.1.2 DC Shunt Motor ........................................................ 301
10.3.1.3 DC Compound Motors............................................. 301
10.3.1.4 Separately Excited DC Motor .................................. 303
10.3.1.5 AC Motor Drives ....................................................... 303
10.3.2 Battery Storage Systems ............................................................304
10.3.2.1 Requirement of Electric Vehicle Batteries .............304
10.3.2.2 Electric Vehicle Batteries ..........................................305
10.3.2.3 Lead–Acid Batteries .................................................. 307
10.3.2.4 Nickel-Based Batteries..............................................308
10.3.2.5 Lithium-Based Batteries........................................... 310
10.3.3 Motor Controllers....................................................................... 310
10.4 Charging of Electric Vehicle Batteries .................................................. 313
10.4.1 Charging Techniques ................................................................ 314
10.5 Vehicle Tests.............................................................................................. 315
10.6 Solar Electric Vehicles ............................................................................. 316
10.6.1 Design of Solar Vehicles............................................................ 317
10.6.2 Photo Voltaic Cells ..................................................................... 317
10.6.3 Solar Arrays ................................................................................ 318
10.7 Applications of Electric Vehicles ........................................................... 319
10.8 Benefits of Electric Vehicles .................................................................... 319
10.9 Challenges of Electric Vehicles .............................................................. 320
References............................................................................................................. 320
10
Electric Vehicles
Nallusamy Nallusamy, Paramasivam Sakthivel,
Abhijeet Chausalkar, and Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas
CONTENTS
295