3. Hydrogen is an excellent additive in relatively small concentrations
to fuel such as methane.
4. Hydrogen high burning rates
make the hydrogen-fueled engine
performance less sensitive to changes to the shape of the combustion
chamber, level of turbulence, and the intake charge swirling effects.
5. Hydrogen ignition limits are much wider than gasoline so it burn
easily and gives higher efficiency.
6. Requirement of less spark advance contributes to better efficiencies
and improved power output.
7. Hydrogen burns nearly 10 times faster than gasoline mixtures.
8. Moderately high compression ratio operation is possible with lean
mixtures of hydrogen in air that permits higher efficiencies and
increased power output.
9. The exhaust heat can be used to extract hydrogen from the hydride.
10. The thermodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of hydrogen
tend to produce high compression temperatures that contribute to
improvements in engine efficiency and lean mixture operation.
Hydrogen
289
9.15 Hydrogen Barriers and Challenges
Switching from diesel to hydrogen provides a number of environmental benefits, avoiding the local pollution (NO x , CO 2 , and particles) in any case. If
the electricity is produced by renewable energy sources it can be justified to
name the electrical trains as well as the hydrogen trains “ZEV, zero emission vehicles.” With hydrogen and fuel cells, the energy efficiency is lower
due to the conversion losses in electrolysis (0.8), hydrogen storage (0.9), fuel
cell (0.45), and electric motors (0.9). Hydrogen fuel produced from renewable energy will still have comparable overall energy efficiency to diesel
traction—roughly 30% before taking into account the considerable energy
efficiency gains that will be achieved when adding regenerative breaking.
The overall energy gap is likely to be filled out by a number of different
energy sources, primarily renewable energy. Due to the unpredictable nature
of wind power, electricity prices are likely to fluctuate to a higher extent than
what we experience today. This means that the electrolyser in more periods
than today can purchase relatively cheap electricity.
Apart from expected price reductions on electrolyser hardware, another
factor that speaks in favor of increased competitiveness for hydrogen produced by electrolyses in the future is that expected rising electricity prices
are not reflected to a full extent in the price of hydrogen since depreciation of
the electrolyser is included in prices.
to fuel such as methane.
4. Hydrogen high burning rates
make the hydrogen-fueled engine
performance less sensitive to changes to the shape of the combustion
chamber, level of turbulence, and the intake charge swirling effects.
5. Hydrogen ignition limits are much wider than gasoline so it burn
easily and gives higher efficiency.
6. Requirement of less spark advance contributes to better efficiencies
and improved power output.
7. Hydrogen burns nearly 10 times faster than gasoline mixtures.
8. Moderately high compression ratio operation is possible with lean
mixtures of hydrogen in air that permits higher efficiencies and
increased power output.
9. The exhaust heat can be used to extract hydrogen from the hydride.
10. The thermodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of hydrogen
tend to produce high compression temperatures that contribute to
improvements in engine efficiency and lean mixture operation.
Hydrogen
289
9.15 Hydrogen Barriers and Challenges
Switching from diesel to hydrogen provides a number of environmental benefits, avoiding the local pollution (NO x , CO 2 , and particles) in any case. If
the electricity is produced by renewable energy sources it can be justified to
name the electrical trains as well as the hydrogen trains “ZEV, zero emission vehicles.” With hydrogen and fuel cells, the energy efficiency is lower
due to the conversion losses in electrolysis (0.8), hydrogen storage (0.9), fuel
cell (0.45), and electric motors (0.9). Hydrogen fuel produced from renewable energy will still have comparable overall energy efficiency to diesel
traction—roughly 30% before taking into account the considerable energy
efficiency gains that will be achieved when adding regenerative breaking.
The overall energy gap is likely to be filled out by a number of different
energy sources, primarily renewable energy. Due to the unpredictable nature
of wind power, electricity prices are likely to fluctuate to a higher extent than
what we experience today. This means that the electrolyser in more periods
than today can purchase relatively cheap electricity.
Apart from expected price reductions on electrolyser hardware, another
factor that speaks in favor of increased competitiveness for hydrogen produced by electrolyses in the future is that expected rising electricity prices
are not reflected to a full extent in the price of hydrogen since depreciation of
the electrolyser is included in prices.