WT
CO
q km
W GHG (g
/
)
2e
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
Crude
100
0 0
200
400
600
Eu-mix coal
Natural gas
Eu-mix elec
Biomass
(convention)
Biomass (advanced)
wind, nuclear
800
1000
1200
Gasoline
Diesel
CNG
Syndiesel ex NG
Syndiesel ex wood
DME ex NG
DME ex wood
EtOH ex sugar beet
EtOH ex wheat
EtOH ex wood
FAME
Hyd ex NG, ICE
Hyd ex NG, FC
Hyd ex NG+ety, ICE
Hyd ex NG+ely, FC
Hyd ex coal
Hyd ex coal+ely, ICE
Hyd ex coal+ely, FC
Hyd ex bio, ICE
Hyd ex bio, FC
Hyd ex bio+ely, ICE
Hyd ex bio+ely, FC
Hydexwind+ely, CE
Hydexwind+ety, FC
Hyd ex nuclear, ICE
Hyd ex nuclear, FC
Hyd ind (Ref+FC)
Hyd ex EU-mix elec (ely), ICE
Hyd ex EU-mix elec (ely), FC
WTW energy (MJ/100 km)
258
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
Figure 9.3
WTW energy and GHG emissions for all pathways and power train combination. (From ies.jrc.
ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTW_Report_220104.pdf)
are at present expensive. More efficient use of renewable may be achieved
through direct use as electricity.”
9.6 Hydrogen Economics
Apart from the hardware and infrastructure costs, fuel costs are, of course,
of vital importance when network operators are to choose between different
propulsion technologies. For test and demonstration purposes present fuel
costs are not that important—but future operation costs (where fuel costs
are one of the important parameters) have to be roughly at the same level as
the case for traditional technologies if hydrogen powered vehicles are to get
a breakthrough. At present hydrogen fuel is more expensive than diesel but
that is unlikely to remain so forever. When discussing the future supply and
the corresponding likely future prices on diesel and other fossil fuels the
relevant question to ask is not: “For how many years have we got available
oil, gas, and coal resources?” but “When can the supply no longer keep up
with the demand?”
According to a report from 2006 by Ludwig-Bolkow-Systemtechnik for
the European Hydrogen Association this will happen in just a few years
time (http://www.lbst.de). When the supply of fossil fuels no longer can
keep up with demand the prices will rise and renewable energy sources
CO
q km
W GHG (g
/
)
2e
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
Crude
100
0 0
200
400
600
Eu-mix coal
Natural gas
Eu-mix elec
Biomass
(convention)
Biomass (advanced)
wind, nuclear
800
1000
1200
Gasoline
Diesel
CNG
Syndiesel ex NG
Syndiesel ex wood
DME ex NG
DME ex wood
EtOH ex sugar beet
EtOH ex wheat
EtOH ex wood
FAME
Hyd ex NG, ICE
Hyd ex NG, FC
Hyd ex NG+ety, ICE
Hyd ex NG+ely, FC
Hyd ex coal
Hyd ex coal+ely, ICE
Hyd ex coal+ely, FC
Hyd ex bio, ICE
Hyd ex bio, FC
Hyd ex bio+ely, ICE
Hyd ex bio+ely, FC
Hydexwind+ely, CE
Hydexwind+ety, FC
Hyd ex nuclear, ICE
Hyd ex nuclear, FC
Hyd ind (Ref+FC)
Hyd ex EU-mix elec (ely), ICE
Hyd ex EU-mix elec (ely), FC
WTW energy (MJ/100 km)
258
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
Figure 9.3
WTW energy and GHG emissions for all pathways and power train combination. (From ies.jrc.
ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTW_Report_220104.pdf)
are at present expensive. More efficient use of renewable may be achieved
through direct use as electricity.”
9.6 Hydrogen Economics
Apart from the hardware and infrastructure costs, fuel costs are, of course,
of vital importance when network operators are to choose between different
propulsion technologies. For test and demonstration purposes present fuel
costs are not that important—but future operation costs (where fuel costs
are one of the important parameters) have to be roughly at the same level as
the case for traditional technologies if hydrogen powered vehicles are to get
a breakthrough. At present hydrogen fuel is more expensive than diesel but
that is unlikely to remain so forever. When discussing the future supply and
the corresponding likely future prices on diesel and other fossil fuels the
relevant question to ask is not: “For how many years have we got available
oil, gas, and coal resources?” but “When can the supply no longer keep up
with the demand?”
According to a report from 2006 by Ludwig-Bolkow-Systemtechnik for
the European Hydrogen Association this will happen in just a few years
time (http://www.lbst.de). When the supply of fossil fuels no longer can
keep up with demand the prices will rise and renewable energy sources