98
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
Penetration velociy (m/s)
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
50
60
70
80
1 MPa
2 MPa
3 MPa
90
0
Spray penetration (mm)
Figure 4.5
Effect of ambient density on spray velocity. (From Yanfeng, G., Shenghua, L., and Yu, L., Energy
and Fuels, 21, 2991–97, 2007. Reprinted with permission from ACS Publications.)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Penetration length (mm)
0.25 mm
0.27 mm
0.27 mm (diesel)
0.29 mm
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Time (µs)
Figure 4.6
Effect of nozzle diameter on spray penetration. (From Yanfeng, G., Shenghua, L., and Yu, L.,
Energy and Fuels, 21, 2991–97, 2007. Reprinted with permission from ACS Publications.)
4.7 Engine Tests
The exhaust emissions from diesel engines are very complex mixtures containing many types of pollutants, which can be found in different forms, such
as particulate, semivolatile, and gaseous phases. Using methanol can reduce
the air pollution caused by these engines. Therefore, many researchers have