4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 82
4.2 Potential of Methanol .................................................................................. 82
4.2.1 Methanol: Gasoline Blends.............................................................83
4.2.2 Methanol: Diesel Blends .................................................................83
4.2.3 Dimethyl Ether .................................................................................84
4.2.4 Biodiesel Production Ingredient....................................................84
4.2.5 Fuel Cell Fuel ....................................................................................85
4.3 Methanol Production ..................................................................................85
4.3.1 Methanol Production Via Synthesis Gas......................................85
4.3.2 Methanol from Renewable Resources .......................................... 88
4.4 Methanol Economics ................................................................................... 89
4.5 Methanol Safety Aspects ............................................................................ 91
4.6 Properties of Methanol ............................................................................... 95
4.7 Engine Tests .................................................................................................. 98
4.7.1 Engine Performance Tests .............................................................. 99
4.7.2 Engine Emissions Tests................................................................. 104
4.7.2.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions ............................... 106
4.7.2.2 Unburned Hydrocarbon (UHC) Emissions ................ 108
4.7.2.3 Nitrogen Oxides (NO x ) Emissions................................ 112
4.7.2.4 Smoke Number (SN)....................................................... 113
4.7.2.5 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Emission.................................... 114
4.7.3 Engine Combustion Studies......................................................... 114
4.7.3.1 Peak Cylinder Gas Pressure .......................................... 115
4.7.3.2 Rate of Heat Release (ROHR) ........................................ 118
4.8 Methanol Benefits and Challenges.......................................................... 120
4.9 Further Studies........................................................................................... 121
References............................................................................................................. 122
4
Methanol
Mustafa Canakci and Oguzhan Ilgen
CONTENTS
81
4.2 Potential of Methanol .................................................................................. 82
4.2.1 Methanol: Gasoline Blends.............................................................83
4.2.2 Methanol: Diesel Blends .................................................................83
4.2.3 Dimethyl Ether .................................................................................84
4.2.4 Biodiesel Production Ingredient....................................................84
4.2.5 Fuel Cell Fuel ....................................................................................85
4.3 Methanol Production ..................................................................................85
4.3.1 Methanol Production Via Synthesis Gas......................................85
4.3.2 Methanol from Renewable Resources .......................................... 88
4.4 Methanol Economics ................................................................................... 89
4.5 Methanol Safety Aspects ............................................................................ 91
4.6 Properties of Methanol ............................................................................... 95
4.7 Engine Tests .................................................................................................. 98
4.7.1 Engine Performance Tests .............................................................. 99
4.7.2 Engine Emissions Tests................................................................. 104
4.7.2.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions ............................... 106
4.7.2.2 Unburned Hydrocarbon (UHC) Emissions ................ 108
4.7.2.3 Nitrogen Oxides (NO x ) Emissions................................ 112
4.7.2.4 Smoke Number (SN)....................................................... 113
4.7.2.5 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Emission.................................... 114
4.7.3 Engine Combustion Studies......................................................... 114
4.7.3.1 Peak Cylinder Gas Pressure .......................................... 115
4.7.3.2 Rate of Heat Release (ROHR) ........................................ 118
4.8 Methanol Benefits and Challenges.......................................................... 120
4.9 Further Studies........................................................................................... 121
References............................................................................................................. 122
4
Methanol
Mustafa Canakci and Oguzhan Ilgen
CONTENTS
81