162
Z. Liu et al.
9.2 Key Questions in Toxicogenomics
To better apply the TGx assay systems in testing different toxicity endpoints and
deciphering the underlying mechanisms of toxicology, we provided a landscape of
the internal relationship among the preclinical testing systems and human toxicity
(Fig. 9.1).
9.2.1 In Vivo Animal Models
The toxicology community is now questioning the use of animal models in risk
assessment. Despite their widespread utilization, using animal models has many
disadvantages. For chemical toxicology studies, animal models can take an average of
two years to perform for each chemical and cost millions of dollar per compound. The
lack of laboratories capable of carrying out animal studies is also a significant issue.
Only about 15 chemicals per year are tested using animal models. The REACH files
in Finland contains over 30,000 chemicals that could be tested using animal models
Fig. 9.1 Interior relationship among the preclinical testing systems and human toxicity
Z. Liu et al.
9.2 Key Questions in Toxicogenomics
To better apply the TGx assay systems in testing different toxicity endpoints and
deciphering the underlying mechanisms of toxicology, we provided a landscape of
the internal relationship among the preclinical testing systems and human toxicity
(Fig. 9.1).
9.2.1 In Vivo Animal Models
The toxicology community is now questioning the use of animal models in risk
assessment. Despite their widespread utilization, using animal models has many
disadvantages. For chemical toxicology studies, animal models can take an average of
two years to perform for each chemical and cost millions of dollar per compound. The
lack of laboratories capable of carrying out animal studies is also a significant issue.
Only about 15 chemicals per year are tested using animal models. The REACH files
in Finland contains over 30,000 chemicals that could be tested using animal models
Fig. 9.1 Interior relationship among the preclinical testing systems and human toxicity