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Z. Liu et al.
Keywords IVIVE · Toxicogenomics · 3Rs · Animal models · Risk assessment
Abbreviations
3Rs
Refine, Reduce and Replace
ALT
Alanine Aminotransferase
AOPs
Adverse Outcome Pathways
AST
Aspartate Aminotransferase
ATC
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical
CTD
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
DILI
Drug-Induced Liver Injury
ECFP
Extended-Connectivity Fingerprints
EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
GLP
Good Laboratory Practice
hTERT
Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase
ICH
The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
iPSC
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
IVIVE
In Vitro-to-In Vivo Extrapolation
LDH
Lactate Dehydrogenase
LINCS
The Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures
MAQC
Microarray Quality Control
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
POP
Percentage of Overlapped Pathways
PRank
Pair Ranking
REACH
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
ROC
Receiver Operating Characteristic
SIDER
Side Effect Resources
TG-GATEs Toxicogenomic Project—Genomics Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System
TGx
Toxicogenomics
9.1 Introduction
The use of animal models in risk assessment is based on the presumption that the
biological response of animals mimics that of humans [1]. However, the divergence
between the species causes limited extrapolation power from animal to human [2].
Suboptimal transferability between animal and human stimulated rethinking and
reevaluation of innovative preclinical testing systems. Consequently, the strategic
plan in risk assessment has been a shift to develop alternative approaches for testing toxicity. In Europe, the “refine, reduce and replace” (3Rs) has been advocated
Z. Liu et al.
Keywords IVIVE · Toxicogenomics · 3Rs · Animal models · Risk assessment
Abbreviations
3Rs
Refine, Reduce and Replace
ALT
Alanine Aminotransferase
AOPs
Adverse Outcome Pathways
AST
Aspartate Aminotransferase
ATC
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical
CTD
Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
DILI
Drug-Induced Liver Injury
ECFP
Extended-Connectivity Fingerprints
EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
GLP
Good Laboratory Practice
hTERT
Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase
ICH
The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
iPSC
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
IVIVE
In Vitro-to-In Vivo Extrapolation
LDH
Lactate Dehydrogenase
LINCS
The Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures
MAQC
Microarray Quality Control
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
POP
Percentage of Overlapped Pathways
PRank
Pair Ranking
REACH
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
ROC
Receiver Operating Characteristic
SIDER
Side Effect Resources
TG-GATEs Toxicogenomic Project—Genomics Assisted Toxicity Evaluation System
TGx
Toxicogenomics
9.1 Introduction
The use of animal models in risk assessment is based on the presumption that the
biological response of animals mimics that of humans [1]. However, the divergence
between the species causes limited extrapolation power from animal to human [2].
Suboptimal transferability between animal and human stimulated rethinking and
reevaluation of innovative preclinical testing systems. Consequently, the strategic
plan in risk assessment has been a shift to develop alternative approaches for testing toxicity. In Europe, the “refine, reduce and replace” (3Rs) has been advocated