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6 Nanomaterials for Batteries
LiV 3 O 8 material has obtained a generally accepted result, through numerous studies
that divided into the following three stages: (1) When the amount of lithium ion
intercalation is less than 1.5, the material is in the original LiV 3 O 8 single-phase
region, and the diffusion of lithium ions in it is very fast, and is basically not affected
by temperature; (2) When 1.5 < x < 3.2, LiV 3 O 8 coexists with Li 4 V 3 O 8 . The
formation of new phase Li 4 V 3 O 8 slows down the diffusion rate of lithium ions, and
the Li
+ diffusion after entering Li 4 V 3 O 8 phase is greatly influenced by temperature;
(3) When x > 3.2, the material shows a single-phase region of Li 4 V 3 O 8 .
6.2.2.4 Anode Material
The anode materials of lithium-ion batteries are mainly used as a main body for
storing lithium, and it realizes the insertion and extraction of lithium ions during
charge–discharge (Wang et al. 2017b). Currently, the research of anode material
plays a decisive role in the emergence of lithium-ion batteries. Just because of the
emergence of carbon materials that the safety of metal lithium electrodes is solved,
which directly leads to the application of lithium-ion battery. The anode materials
are mainly various carbon materials, such as natural graphite, modified graphite,
graphitized mesocarbon microbeads, and soft charcoal (such as coke) and some hard
carbon, and so on. Other non-carbon anode materials include nitrides, silicon-based
materials, tin-based materials, titanium-based materials, alloy materials, and the like.
Nanoscale materials have also attracted attention in the research of negative electrode materials. Thin film formation of negative electrode materials is a requirement
for high-performance negative electrodes and the development of microelectronics
industry in recent years for chemical power sources, especially lithium secondary
batteries.
Carbon Anode Material
Graphite
Graphite material has good conductivity, high crystallinity, excellent layered structure, suitable for insertion and extraction of lithium, and forms Li-GIC, a lithiumgraphite intercalation compound that has specific charge/discharge capacity of over
300 mAh g
−1 (Xu et al. 2017). The efficiency is above 90%. The deintercalation
reaction of lithium in graphite occurs between 0 and 0.25 V (vs. Li
+ /Li) and has a
good charge–discharge potential platform, which can be matched with the lithium
source cathode materials LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , and the like.
Graphite includes artificial graphite and natural graphite. Artificial graphite is
prepared by graphitizing high-graphitizable carbon (such as pitch coke) in N 2
atmosphere at 1900–2800 °C. Common artificial graphites include mesocarbon
microbeads (MCMB) and graphite fibers. Natural graphite includes amorphous
graphite and flake graphite. Amorphous graphite is of low purity and has a crystal
plane spacing (d002) of 0.336 nm. It is mainly an ordered structure of 2H crystal
planes, that is, arranged in the order of ABAB…, with the reversible specific
6 Nanomaterials for Batteries
LiV 3 O 8 material has obtained a generally accepted result, through numerous studies
that divided into the following three stages: (1) When the amount of lithium ion
intercalation is less than 1.5, the material is in the original LiV 3 O 8 single-phase
region, and the diffusion of lithium ions in it is very fast, and is basically not affected
by temperature; (2) When 1.5 < x < 3.2, LiV 3 O 8 coexists with Li 4 V 3 O 8 . The
formation of new phase Li 4 V 3 O 8 slows down the diffusion rate of lithium ions, and
the Li
+ diffusion after entering Li 4 V 3 O 8 phase is greatly influenced by temperature;
(3) When x > 3.2, the material shows a single-phase region of Li 4 V 3 O 8 .
6.2.2.4 Anode Material
The anode materials of lithium-ion batteries are mainly used as a main body for
storing lithium, and it realizes the insertion and extraction of lithium ions during
charge–discharge (Wang et al. 2017b). Currently, the research of anode material
plays a decisive role in the emergence of lithium-ion batteries. Just because of the
emergence of carbon materials that the safety of metal lithium electrodes is solved,
which directly leads to the application of lithium-ion battery. The anode materials
are mainly various carbon materials, such as natural graphite, modified graphite,
graphitized mesocarbon microbeads, and soft charcoal (such as coke) and some hard
carbon, and so on. Other non-carbon anode materials include nitrides, silicon-based
materials, tin-based materials, titanium-based materials, alloy materials, and the like.
Nanoscale materials have also attracted attention in the research of negative electrode materials. Thin film formation of negative electrode materials is a requirement
for high-performance negative electrodes and the development of microelectronics
industry in recent years for chemical power sources, especially lithium secondary
batteries.
Carbon Anode Material
Graphite
Graphite material has good conductivity, high crystallinity, excellent layered structure, suitable for insertion and extraction of lithium, and forms Li-GIC, a lithiumgraphite intercalation compound that has specific charge/discharge capacity of over
300 mAh g
−1 (Xu et al. 2017). The efficiency is above 90%. The deintercalation
reaction of lithium in graphite occurs between 0 and 0.25 V (vs. Li
+ /Li) and has a
good charge–discharge potential platform, which can be matched with the lithium
source cathode materials LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , and the like.
Graphite includes artificial graphite and natural graphite. Artificial graphite is
prepared by graphitizing high-graphitizable carbon (such as pitch coke) in N 2
atmosphere at 1900–2800 °C. Common artificial graphites include mesocarbon
microbeads (MCMB) and graphite fibers. Natural graphite includes amorphous
graphite and flake graphite. Amorphous graphite is of low purity and has a crystal
plane spacing (d002) of 0.336 nm. It is mainly an ordered structure of 2H crystal
planes, that is, arranged in the order of ABAB…, with the reversible specific