116
6 Nanomaterials for Batteries
of Li/SOCl 2 and Li/POCl 3 batteries are better than the Li/SO 2 , which possess the
best comprehensive performance in the organic electrolyte battery. The discharge
curve is very flat, and its specific power is quite high (As shown in the following
Table 6.1).
Room temperature lithium battery: the organic electrolyte lithium battery is widely
studied. Its cathode materials are transition metal sulfides, such as CuS, FeS, MnS,
Ag 2 S, TiS 2 , VS 2 , MoS 2 , VSe 2 , NbSe 2 , TiSe 2 . The transition metal two sulfide is a
layered structure, and the electrode reaction is an embedded reaction. At the time of
discharge, Li
+ enters the interlayer, embedded in the lattice of the positive material.
For example, the open-circuit voltage of Li/TiS 2 (using 1 mol L
−1 LiAsF 6 –2MeTHF
as an electrolyte) battery is 2.47 V and its theoretical specific energy is 481Wh kg
−1 .
The average working voltage of the AA type Li/TiS 2 at a discharge current of 200 mA
is 2.2 V, and the cycle life is up to 200 times under 80% depth charge–discharge
process.
Molten salt lithium battery: This is a promising high-energy battery. Its electrolyte
is LiCl–KCl eutectic mixture. The conductivity of 450C is 1.57 S cm
−1 , which is
higher than that of organic electrolyte (about 2–3 orders of magnitude). The negative
materials are Li, Li–Al, Li–B, Li–S,i and so on. Alloying can reduce the corrosion of
lithium. Li–Al is the most stable; Li–B, Li–Si can increase the Li-storage capacity.
The negative materials are transition metal sulfides, such as FeS, FeS 2 , and TiS 2 .
The performances of the Li/FeS 2 and LI/FeS batteries are summarized in Table 6.2.
6.2.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
The similarities between lithium-ion battery and lithium battery are as follows: two
kinds of batteries, all use a metal oxide or sulfide that can make lithium ion intercalate and de-intercalate as the positive electrode and use an organic solvent inorganic
salt system as electrolyte (Choi et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2018; Liu and Cui 2018; Liu
et al. 2018; Miao et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2018a,b; Yang et al. 2018b,c). The difference is that in lithium-ion batteries, the carbon material which can intercalate and
deintercalation the lithium ion is used instead of the pure lithium as the negative
electrode. The anode of the lithium battery uses metal lithium. The lithium metal
will be deposited on the lithium anode and produces the lithium dendrite during the
charging process. The lithium dendrite may penetrate the diaphragm and cause a short
circuit inside the battery to explode. To overcome the shortage of lithium battery and
enhance its safety, lithium-ion battery came into being. In the late 1980s and early
90s, carbon materials with graphite structure were used as lithium insertion negative electrodes to avoid the safety problem caused using lithium metal (Feng et al.
2013). At the same time, lithium is in the form of Li
+ ions in this battery system.
In the charge/discharge cycle of the battery, the Li
+ is continuously intercalated
and deintercalated between the positive and negative poles. Therefore, the battery is
called the “lithium-ion battery”. In 1980, Texas State University professor Goodenough et al. proposed lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) can be considered as cathode
6 Nanomaterials for Batteries
of Li/SOCl 2 and Li/POCl 3 batteries are better than the Li/SO 2 , which possess the
best comprehensive performance in the organic electrolyte battery. The discharge
curve is very flat, and its specific power is quite high (As shown in the following
Table 6.1).
Room temperature lithium battery: the organic electrolyte lithium battery is widely
studied. Its cathode materials are transition metal sulfides, such as CuS, FeS, MnS,
Ag 2 S, TiS 2 , VS 2 , MoS 2 , VSe 2 , NbSe 2 , TiSe 2 . The transition metal two sulfide is a
layered structure, and the electrode reaction is an embedded reaction. At the time of
discharge, Li
+ enters the interlayer, embedded in the lattice of the positive material.
For example, the open-circuit voltage of Li/TiS 2 (using 1 mol L
−1 LiAsF 6 –2MeTHF
as an electrolyte) battery is 2.47 V and its theoretical specific energy is 481Wh kg
−1 .
The average working voltage of the AA type Li/TiS 2 at a discharge current of 200 mA
is 2.2 V, and the cycle life is up to 200 times under 80% depth charge–discharge
process.
Molten salt lithium battery: This is a promising high-energy battery. Its electrolyte
is LiCl–KCl eutectic mixture. The conductivity of 450C is 1.57 S cm
−1 , which is
higher than that of organic electrolyte (about 2–3 orders of magnitude). The negative
materials are Li, Li–Al, Li–B, Li–S,i and so on. Alloying can reduce the corrosion of
lithium. Li–Al is the most stable; Li–B, Li–Si can increase the Li-storage capacity.
The negative materials are transition metal sulfides, such as FeS, FeS 2 , and TiS 2 .
The performances of the Li/FeS 2 and LI/FeS batteries are summarized in Table 6.2.
6.2.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
The similarities between lithium-ion battery and lithium battery are as follows: two
kinds of batteries, all use a metal oxide or sulfide that can make lithium ion intercalate and de-intercalate as the positive electrode and use an organic solvent inorganic
salt system as electrolyte (Choi et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2018; Liu and Cui 2018; Liu
et al. 2018; Miao et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2018a,b; Yang et al. 2018b,c). The difference is that in lithium-ion batteries, the carbon material which can intercalate and
deintercalation the lithium ion is used instead of the pure lithium as the negative
electrode. The anode of the lithium battery uses metal lithium. The lithium metal
will be deposited on the lithium anode and produces the lithium dendrite during the
charging process. The lithium dendrite may penetrate the diaphragm and cause a short
circuit inside the battery to explode. To overcome the shortage of lithium battery and
enhance its safety, lithium-ion battery came into being. In the late 1980s and early
90s, carbon materials with graphite structure were used as lithium insertion negative electrodes to avoid the safety problem caused using lithium metal (Feng et al.
2013). At the same time, lithium is in the form of Li
+ ions in this battery system.
In the charge/discharge cycle of the battery, the Li
+ is continuously intercalated
and deintercalated between the positive and negative poles. Therefore, the battery is
called the “lithium-ion battery”. In 1980, Texas State University professor Goodenough et al. proposed lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) can be considered as cathode