6.1 Lead-Acid Batteries
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will occur on the positive plate. These reactions include plate corrosion, the formation
of residual lead oxide or lead sulfate on the positive plate, and organic substances
such as dissolved lignin are oxidized. In addition, an increase in internal pressure
can cause the battery to rupture, resulting in safety and environmental impacts.
Elimination measures.
(1) Select a grid alloy containing lead–bismuth alloy with limited niobium content,
improve the structure of positive electrode plate and separator, increase the
density of positive electrode active material, and add phenolic resin that can
capture (absorb) antimony in micro glass fiber separator;
(2) Increase hydrogen overpotential and prevent hydrogen evolution from overpotential;
(3) The use of high strength, high toughness, and flame-resistant materials with good
resistance to acid and corrosion to handle the battery case, thereby increasing
the toughness of the battery case and greatly reducing the risk of battery short
circuits;
(4) The use of ultrafine glass fibers as a separator increases the specific surface area
of the separator, enhances the electrolyte’s adsorption capacity, and reduces
electrolyte flow;
(5) Double layer combination terminals and plastic seals prevent electrolyte leakage
from the gap;
(6) Put a protective cover on the battery terminal to prevent the battery from shortcircuiting.
(7) Hydrogen is used to precipitate a negative grid alloy with a high overpotential.
When hydrogen gas has not been precipitated on the negative electrode plate
during overcharging, oxygen precipitated on the positive electrode plate undergoes chemical recombination on the negative electrode plate, and is combined
with undercomposed hydrogen to form water. In the electrolyte, the loss of
electrolyte is minimized (Yang et al. 2018a; Chen et al. 2017a).
6.1.5 Research Progress of Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries
Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries have encountered many problems in the early
stage of use. The most serious ones are short battery life, liquid leakage, thermal
runaway, short-circuiting of the battery, corrosion of negative busbars, and other
battery failures, which has caused the importance of the lead-acid battery industry.
Researchers through a lot of battery failure mode of research, from the battery structure, manufacturing processes, battery parts materials for improvement, battery short
circuit, leakage, thermal runaway, negative bus corrosion, and other issues have been
very good to improve and solve. At present, the research of VRLA batteries mainly
focuses on the grid structure, materials, positive electrode active material additives,
and separator materials that affect the performance of battery energy and service life
(Liu et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2018a).
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will occur on the positive plate. These reactions include plate corrosion, the formation
of residual lead oxide or lead sulfate on the positive plate, and organic substances
such as dissolved lignin are oxidized. In addition, an increase in internal pressure
can cause the battery to rupture, resulting in safety and environmental impacts.
Elimination measures.
(1) Select a grid alloy containing lead–bismuth alloy with limited niobium content,
improve the structure of positive electrode plate and separator, increase the
density of positive electrode active material, and add phenolic resin that can
capture (absorb) antimony in micro glass fiber separator;
(2) Increase hydrogen overpotential and prevent hydrogen evolution from overpotential;
(3) The use of high strength, high toughness, and flame-resistant materials with good
resistance to acid and corrosion to handle the battery case, thereby increasing
the toughness of the battery case and greatly reducing the risk of battery short
circuits;
(4) The use of ultrafine glass fibers as a separator increases the specific surface area
of the separator, enhances the electrolyte’s adsorption capacity, and reduces
electrolyte flow;
(5) Double layer combination terminals and plastic seals prevent electrolyte leakage
from the gap;
(6) Put a protective cover on the battery terminal to prevent the battery from shortcircuiting.
(7) Hydrogen is used to precipitate a negative grid alloy with a high overpotential.
When hydrogen gas has not been precipitated on the negative electrode plate
during overcharging, oxygen precipitated on the positive electrode plate undergoes chemical recombination on the negative electrode plate, and is combined
with undercomposed hydrogen to form water. In the electrolyte, the loss of
electrolyte is minimized (Yang et al. 2018a; Chen et al. 2017a).
6.1.5 Research Progress of Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries
Valve-regulated lead-acid batteries have encountered many problems in the early
stage of use. The most serious ones are short battery life, liquid leakage, thermal
runaway, short-circuiting of the battery, corrosion of negative busbars, and other
battery failures, which has caused the importance of the lead-acid battery industry.
Researchers through a lot of battery failure mode of research, from the battery structure, manufacturing processes, battery parts materials for improvement, battery short
circuit, leakage, thermal runaway, negative bus corrosion, and other issues have been
very good to improve and solve. At present, the research of VRLA batteries mainly
focuses on the grid structure, materials, positive electrode active material additives,
and separator materials that affect the performance of battery energy and service life
(Liu et al. 2015; Yang et al. 2018a).