110
6 Nanomaterials for Batteries
uses 5-h rate. The relation between the capacity of the battery and the temperature is
C = CT
[1 + K (T − T s )]
(6.5)
The efficiency and lifetime of the battery capacity: efficiency (input/output
capacity) * 100%, also known as ah efficiency, this is more commonly used. The
electric energy efficiency is (output power/input power) * 100%, also known as the
watt hour efficiency.
After the battery is repeatedly charged and discharged multiple times, due to
loss and shrinkage of active material, micropores of electrode plate are reduced,
the capacity is reduced, and the battery life is gradually shortened. In general, the
capacity of the battery can be reduced to 70–80% of the rated value and cannot be
used again. The battery life is related to the quality of the manufacturing, and is
also affected by the use and maintenance methods. A battery with the same rated
capacity, such as a large current discharge, is lower than the capacity of a small
current discharge at the later stage. The cycle life of the lead-acid battery is 200–400
times, and the duration of the battery is 3–10 years.
Self-discharge: no matter whether the lead battery works or not, there is a discharge
phenomenon in the battery, which consumes the electric energy in white. In addition
to the above, the cause of self-discharge is also due to the presence of impurities in
the battery.
6.1.3 Sealed Lead-Acid Battery
After more than ten years of rapid development, China has become the world’s
largest lead-acid battery (LAB) industry, accounting for more than 30% of global
LAB output, and the market demand has also increased dramatically. Lead-acid
batteries occupy more than a 60% market share of the secondary power supply.
China’s large market demand comes from a substantial increase in the number of electric bikes (e-bikes). Besides, lead-acid batteries dominate the rechargeable batteries
market, especially as the starting power sources in the electric bicycles. Starting
power sources, which are the key component of electric bicycles, typically last less
than three years, requiring frequent replacement. Currently, electric bicycle batteries
including lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium batteries which are mainly
composed of heavy metal ions, such as lead, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, nickel,
and electrolytes. These substances have strong negative effects on soil and water,
endanger ecological safety, and present a persistent public nuisance upon entering
the environment. Battery recycling is an essential part of the e-bicycle industry, and is
of great significance to sustainable development and resources and to environmental
protection.
In 2017, the number of e-bikes in China reached 29.96 million and the social
adoption rate of e-bikes was above 10%. At present, the main concern for consumers
of e-bikes is the battery performance. The power source for electric bicycles is a
6 Nanomaterials for Batteries
uses 5-h rate. The relation between the capacity of the battery and the temperature is
C = CT
[1 + K (T − T s )]
(6.5)
The efficiency and lifetime of the battery capacity: efficiency (input/output
capacity) * 100%, also known as ah efficiency, this is more commonly used. The
electric energy efficiency is (output power/input power) * 100%, also known as the
watt hour efficiency.
After the battery is repeatedly charged and discharged multiple times, due to
loss and shrinkage of active material, micropores of electrode plate are reduced,
the capacity is reduced, and the battery life is gradually shortened. In general, the
capacity of the battery can be reduced to 70–80% of the rated value and cannot be
used again. The battery life is related to the quality of the manufacturing, and is
also affected by the use and maintenance methods. A battery with the same rated
capacity, such as a large current discharge, is lower than the capacity of a small
current discharge at the later stage. The cycle life of the lead-acid battery is 200–400
times, and the duration of the battery is 3–10 years.
Self-discharge: no matter whether the lead battery works or not, there is a discharge
phenomenon in the battery, which consumes the electric energy in white. In addition
to the above, the cause of self-discharge is also due to the presence of impurities in
the battery.
6.1.3 Sealed Lead-Acid Battery
After more than ten years of rapid development, China has become the world’s
largest lead-acid battery (LAB) industry, accounting for more than 30% of global
LAB output, and the market demand has also increased dramatically. Lead-acid
batteries occupy more than a 60% market share of the secondary power supply.
China’s large market demand comes from a substantial increase in the number of electric bikes (e-bikes). Besides, lead-acid batteries dominate the rechargeable batteries
market, especially as the starting power sources in the electric bicycles. Starting
power sources, which are the key component of electric bicycles, typically last less
than three years, requiring frequent replacement. Currently, electric bicycle batteries
including lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium batteries which are mainly
composed of heavy metal ions, such as lead, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, nickel,
and electrolytes. These substances have strong negative effects on soil and water,
endanger ecological safety, and present a persistent public nuisance upon entering
the environment. Battery recycling is an essential part of the e-bicycle industry, and is
of great significance to sustainable development and resources and to environmental
protection.
In 2017, the number of e-bikes in China reached 29.96 million and the social
adoption rate of e-bikes was above 10%. At present, the main concern for consumers
of e-bikes is the battery performance. The power source for electric bicycles is a