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J. R. Prasad et al.
• RDF Schema is an extension of RDF. It provides the vocabulary that defines the
RDF-based re-sources properties and classes. It also provides semantics of both
objects and their relationships.
The Ontology layer defines various Web Ontology Languages.
• OWL-More vocabulary elements like disjoint, equality, symmetry, enumeration,
cardinality etc. are provided by OWL.
• SPARQL is a Network data source protocol and query language.
• RIF is the format of the W3C interchange statute. It is nothing but expression
of web rules using XML language. Specific variants of RIF are the Basic Logic
Dialect (RIF-BLD) and RIF Production Rules Dialect (RIF PRD).
The Proof layer comprises the real inferential process and the representation of
proofs in Web languages as well as evidence confirmation.
Eventually, usage of digital signatures and other forms of Trust layer information is created. This form of expertise comes from approvals from reliable agents,
certification agencies and government bodies.
5 Provenance in Semantic Web
Although by means of Sematic web ontologies, pedagogical agents manage to
retrieve knowledge from the huge amount of web data its trustworthiness is questionable. If bits of information are to be reused or merged with other resources,
it should be checked for authenticity and due consideration should be provided to
its originators. Provenance helps users trust the information and its sources in web
environment. It mandates the amalgamation of trust or provenance information in
the semantic web. Even if the information is retrieved easily from the data, to believe
that information answers to who, when, how and where that particular piece of data
item was developed are crucial. In order to develop the reliability of the semantic
web, provenance seems to be vital feature. In order to assess the trustworthiness
of semantic web several trust models and metrics have been developed by many
researchers till date, however it still lacks standard prescribed form to implement it.
PROV-DM data model is the first conceptual model introduced by the worldwide web
consortium and acts as a framework for simple provenance assertions in Ontologies,
generating and embedding them. PROV data model at the abstract stage comprises
of three main types (Entity, Activity, and Agents) and their relationships [9]. PROV
data model contents are enlisted in Table 1.
An entity is something physical, digital, conceptual, or other with certain fixed
aspects; entities may be real or imaginary. For example: Car, book, paper, table, etc.
An activity is one that takes place over a span of time that operates in or through
entities; activities and entities are related to each other in two distinct ways: activities
that utilize entities and create entities. For example: cut, paste, draw, drag, drive from
source to destination, paint an object, move a file etc.
J. R. Prasad et al.
• RDF Schema is an extension of RDF. It provides the vocabulary that defines the
RDF-based re-sources properties and classes. It also provides semantics of both
objects and their relationships.
The Ontology layer defines various Web Ontology Languages.
• OWL-More vocabulary elements like disjoint, equality, symmetry, enumeration,
cardinality etc. are provided by OWL.
• SPARQL is a Network data source protocol and query language.
• RIF is the format of the W3C interchange statute. It is nothing but expression
of web rules using XML language. Specific variants of RIF are the Basic Logic
Dialect (RIF-BLD) and RIF Production Rules Dialect (RIF PRD).
The Proof layer comprises the real inferential process and the representation of
proofs in Web languages as well as evidence confirmation.
Eventually, usage of digital signatures and other forms of Trust layer information is created. This form of expertise comes from approvals from reliable agents,
certification agencies and government bodies.
5 Provenance in Semantic Web
Although by means of Sematic web ontologies, pedagogical agents manage to
retrieve knowledge from the huge amount of web data its trustworthiness is questionable. If bits of information are to be reused or merged with other resources,
it should be checked for authenticity and due consideration should be provided to
its originators. Provenance helps users trust the information and its sources in web
environment. It mandates the amalgamation of trust or provenance information in
the semantic web. Even if the information is retrieved easily from the data, to believe
that information answers to who, when, how and where that particular piece of data
item was developed are crucial. In order to develop the reliability of the semantic
web, provenance seems to be vital feature. In order to assess the trustworthiness
of semantic web several trust models and metrics have been developed by many
researchers till date, however it still lacks standard prescribed form to implement it.
PROV-DM data model is the first conceptual model introduced by the worldwide web
consortium and acts as a framework for simple provenance assertions in Ontologies,
generating and embedding them. PROV data model at the abstract stage comprises
of three main types (Entity, Activity, and Agents) and their relationships [9]. PROV
data model contents are enlisted in Table 1.
An entity is something physical, digital, conceptual, or other with certain fixed
aspects; entities may be real or imaginary. For example: Car, book, paper, table, etc.
An activity is one that takes place over a span of time that operates in or through
entities; activities and entities are related to each other in two distinct ways: activities
that utilize entities and create entities. For example: cut, paste, draw, drag, drive from
source to destination, paint an object, move a file etc.