6
A. Chatzimichail et al.
A number of projects have been developed like SeeClickFix [8], FixMyStreet [9]
and ImproveMyCity [10] with the aim of providing the community and public authorities with an online service to link every issue within their own region. An ontology
is developed for the definition of smart city environments in [11], known as Smart
City Services Ontology (SCSO). It was created on the basis of four intelligent urban
applications including Smart Parking, Smart Garbage Control, Smart Streetlight and
Smart Complaint. Smart Parking was designed to provide information regarding free
parking areas in real time. The Smart Streetlight system provides actual-time auditing of streetlights so that they can operate only when needed. Smart garbage control
system is primarily designed to identify and inform the accountable authorities via
intelligent sensors, waste level in the garbage containers. Finally, the complaint management system enables citizens to submit reports regarding municipal problems and
allows officials to arrange their settlement.
The Open Traffic Lights (OTL) [12] project proposes a methodology for publishing traffic lights using an ontology as the knowledge representation model. The
ontology [13] is available under an open license describing the topology of an intersection as well the signal timing of traffic signals. Live traffic lights from crossing
points in Antwerp, Belgium are shown in a web application [14]. In addition, in [15],
they tested how to estimate a dynamically changing phase of the traffic lights with
the live OTL dataset of Antwerp.
Smart Cities also consistently support the transition to viable and efficient energy
systems through the promotion of energy efficient policies regarding renewable and
smart energy management and production. Big data analytic services to predict
energy consumption and manage usage patterns were made available through the
Internet of Things (IoT) smart grids. A context-aware framework is proposed by the
authors of [16], which uses sensor information to create a context-aware model. They
created an ontology and a reasoning service for the management of power equipment.
Efficient urban water management is also a growing challenge due to the increasing population density and the competing pressures towards sustainability that is
related not only with water conservation but also with energy expenditure. The energy
consumption of clean water systems, even in locations with water abundance, mandates efficient management and waste minimization. The authors of [17] present a
novel cloud platform, that brings together clean and waste systems to deliver demanding responsive water management. That is achieved by integrating several sensing
and analytical components via a semantic knowledge base. This knowledge base
reuses GIS data alongside dynamic sensor data, social concepts and inference rules.
2.1.3 Transportation
As cities’ population increments, efficient transportation grows critical for quality of
life, economic productivity and the environment. Traffic monitoring, which includes
tracking of a moving or immobilized car and also involves traffic operations to infer
the traffic within the city streets, is an important concern of smart traffic systems. In
the IoT domain, heterogeneous sensors and devices, such as cameras etc., provide
A. Chatzimichail et al.
A number of projects have been developed like SeeClickFix [8], FixMyStreet [9]
and ImproveMyCity [10] with the aim of providing the community and public authorities with an online service to link every issue within their own region. An ontology
is developed for the definition of smart city environments in [11], known as Smart
City Services Ontology (SCSO). It was created on the basis of four intelligent urban
applications including Smart Parking, Smart Garbage Control, Smart Streetlight and
Smart Complaint. Smart Parking was designed to provide information regarding free
parking areas in real time. The Smart Streetlight system provides actual-time auditing of streetlights so that they can operate only when needed. Smart garbage control
system is primarily designed to identify and inform the accountable authorities via
intelligent sensors, waste level in the garbage containers. Finally, the complaint management system enables citizens to submit reports regarding municipal problems and
allows officials to arrange their settlement.
The Open Traffic Lights (OTL) [12] project proposes a methodology for publishing traffic lights using an ontology as the knowledge representation model. The
ontology [13] is available under an open license describing the topology of an intersection as well the signal timing of traffic signals. Live traffic lights from crossing
points in Antwerp, Belgium are shown in a web application [14]. In addition, in [15],
they tested how to estimate a dynamically changing phase of the traffic lights with
the live OTL dataset of Antwerp.
Smart Cities also consistently support the transition to viable and efficient energy
systems through the promotion of energy efficient policies regarding renewable and
smart energy management and production. Big data analytic services to predict
energy consumption and manage usage patterns were made available through the
Internet of Things (IoT) smart grids. A context-aware framework is proposed by the
authors of [16], which uses sensor information to create a context-aware model. They
created an ontology and a reasoning service for the management of power equipment.
Efficient urban water management is also a growing challenge due to the increasing population density and the competing pressures towards sustainability that is
related not only with water conservation but also with energy expenditure. The energy
consumption of clean water systems, even in locations with water abundance, mandates efficient management and waste minimization. The authors of [17] present a
novel cloud platform, that brings together clean and waste systems to deliver demanding responsive water management. That is achieved by integrating several sensing
and analytical components via a semantic knowledge base. This knowledge base
reuses GIS data alongside dynamic sensor data, social concepts and inference rules.
2.1.3 Transportation
As cities’ population increments, efficient transportation grows critical for quality of
life, economic productivity and the environment. Traffic monitoring, which includes
tracking of a moving or immobilized car and also involves traffic operations to infer
the traffic within the city streets, is an important concern of smart traffic systems. In
the IoT domain, heterogeneous sensors and devices, such as cameras etc., provide