Humidity allows the development of MOs at the soil surface, and in more arid
soils, the MOs are more abundant in deep layers. There is a seasonal variation of soil
MOs due to moisture, organic matter, and temperature concentrations.
Maximum density occurs in spring and minimum in winter. A secondary peak
occurs in autumn. Summer dryness reduces the number of MOs in the soil but
contributes favorably to the transformation of OSs that will be metabolized more
easily in the autumn. Due to their large variety, soil MOs develop under the
conditions of strong competition for the available food supply.
Each species must bear decontamination products of other species that may be
toxic to them. Due to the very complex interrelationships between the soil MOs,
there is a self-control of the number and diversity.
Agrotechnical works and the administration of organic fertilizers also shape the
soil microbiology. Plowing improves soil aeration favoring the development of
aerobic MOs and allowing them to advance to deeper layers and more evenly
distributes organic residues. Organic fertilizers are introduced into an additional
nutrient substrate, favoring the numerical explosion of organotrophic MOs which,
through the mineralization process, lead to soil fertilization.
These fertilizers also introduce an additional inoculum of allotone MOs that
temporarily participate in the mineralization of OSs. Thus, 25% of the manure
mass is represented by MOs (Lax et al. 2019).
In conclusion, MOs in soil are of particular importance reflected in the following:
The Mineralization Processes Plants, through the processes of exosmosis, eliminate amino acids and sugars, which favor the development of the MOs for which
they are the source of food. When plants die, their roots are decomposed by MOs,
and the base substances, such as C, N, P, and S, are fed into the circuit serving as
plant nutrients.
Formation of Humus In connection with this decomposition process occurs the
formation of HSs in the soil, which also functions as a reservoir for the future activity
of the MOs and also as a material for structuring the soil particles. Therefore, mineral
nutrition of plants and soil fertility are closely related to the activity of MOs. The soil
microbiota determines the biochemical dynamics of the soil (Torsvik et al. 2002).
4.3
Monitoring Soil Pollution
Soils and sediments are solid components of aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems that
can serve as sources and receptors for nutrients and toxic chemicals. The use of soil
for industrial, agricultural, and urban activities always involves a drastic change in
its composition and eventually can cause great problems for future use. Soil monitoring involves site selection and pursues a number of objectives, including
evaluating and documenting the evolution or trend of pollution to allow for the
problem to be corrected before the irreversible loss of soil quality.
4 Advanced Technologies for Ecological Reconstruction and Bioremediation of. . .
87
soils, the MOs are more abundant in deep layers. There is a seasonal variation of soil
MOs due to moisture, organic matter, and temperature concentrations.
Maximum density occurs in spring and minimum in winter. A secondary peak
occurs in autumn. Summer dryness reduces the number of MOs in the soil but
contributes favorably to the transformation of OSs that will be metabolized more
easily in the autumn. Due to their large variety, soil MOs develop under the
conditions of strong competition for the available food supply.
Each species must bear decontamination products of other species that may be
toxic to them. Due to the very complex interrelationships between the soil MOs,
there is a self-control of the number and diversity.
Agrotechnical works and the administration of organic fertilizers also shape the
soil microbiology. Plowing improves soil aeration favoring the development of
aerobic MOs and allowing them to advance to deeper layers and more evenly
distributes organic residues. Organic fertilizers are introduced into an additional
nutrient substrate, favoring the numerical explosion of organotrophic MOs which,
through the mineralization process, lead to soil fertilization.
These fertilizers also introduce an additional inoculum of allotone MOs that
temporarily participate in the mineralization of OSs. Thus, 25% of the manure
mass is represented by MOs (Lax et al. 2019).
In conclusion, MOs in soil are of particular importance reflected in the following:
The Mineralization Processes Plants, through the processes of exosmosis, eliminate amino acids and sugars, which favor the development of the MOs for which
they are the source of food. When plants die, their roots are decomposed by MOs,
and the base substances, such as C, N, P, and S, are fed into the circuit serving as
plant nutrients.
Formation of Humus In connection with this decomposition process occurs the
formation of HSs in the soil, which also functions as a reservoir for the future activity
of the MOs and also as a material for structuring the soil particles. Therefore, mineral
nutrition of plants and soil fertility are closely related to the activity of MOs. The soil
microbiota determines the biochemical dynamics of the soil (Torsvik et al. 2002).
4.3
Monitoring Soil Pollution
Soils and sediments are solid components of aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems that
can serve as sources and receptors for nutrients and toxic chemicals. The use of soil
for industrial, agricultural, and urban activities always involves a drastic change in
its composition and eventually can cause great problems for future use. Soil monitoring involves site selection and pursues a number of objectives, including
evaluating and documenting the evolution or trend of pollution to allow for the
problem to be corrected before the irreversible loss of soil quality.
4 Advanced Technologies for Ecological Reconstruction and Bioremediation of. . .
87