micromycetes predominate. Bacteria in soil are of two types: autochthonous and
zymogenous (Zeng et al. 2018).
Autochthonous or indigenous bacteria are characterized by the fact that their
number is not subject to large fluctuations and that they use as feed the OSs that
belong to the soil (HSs). Zymogenous bacteria produce fermentations (ferment the
cellulose, pectic substances, starch, etc.) and their number increases after the addition of OS to the ground and decreases as these substances deplete. A perfect
delimitation between autochthonous and zymogenous bacteria is not possible. Bacteria develop on the surface of the soil particles and not in the soil solution but
especially those with a diameter of at least 100–200 μm (Sage et al. 2014).
Although the representatives of most bacterial genus are present in the soil, only
some specific bacteria are important to soil quality. These specific bacteria are
present in the soil in a large number and contribute to the biological activity of
soil to a high degree. Soil is the friendliest environment for MOs growth, being the
natural reservoir of a huge number of MOs. The diversity of soil MOs is very high. In
the soil, MOs have favorable conditions for development and propagation,
processing OM by using different inorganic substances. Soil conditions vary
depending on the type of soil, season, and geographical region.
4.2.3 Nature of Microorganisms in the Soil
Soil microbiology varies quantitatively and qualitatively depending on soil type, pH,
vegetation, climatic conditions, etc. The soil microflora is made up of native MOs,
permanently present and alohtones (the exotic), whose presence depends on the
intake of mineral and OSs from the outside and which survive to the decomposition
of these substances. The native microbiota is specific to each type of soil, being
adapted to the metabolism of certain types of relatively stable substances in the soil
type. It is involved in all microbiological processes that take place in the soil. The
alohthonic microbiota is introduced by humans through fertilization or waste water
spills. It occurs in some soil processes. MOs in manure participate in the mineralization of OM. Their catabolism substances are subsequently metabolized by different
groups of native MOs. The majority, however, is microbiological soil pollution
(Horemans et al. 2018).
4.2.4 Types of Microorganisms From Soil
The composition of the microbiota is influenced by the season and the degree of soil
processing.
The Bacteria Predominant are bacteria in the form of microcolonies adsorbed on
soil particles in all neutral and alkaline soil types. Some produce polymers of a
mucilaginous nature that cause aggregation of soil particles so that the soil becomes
more granular, which increases aeration and fertility. The most common genera are
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M. Butu et al.
zymogenous (Zeng et al. 2018).
Autochthonous or indigenous bacteria are characterized by the fact that their
number is not subject to large fluctuations and that they use as feed the OSs that
belong to the soil (HSs). Zymogenous bacteria produce fermentations (ferment the
cellulose, pectic substances, starch, etc.) and their number increases after the addition of OS to the ground and decreases as these substances deplete. A perfect
delimitation between autochthonous and zymogenous bacteria is not possible. Bacteria develop on the surface of the soil particles and not in the soil solution but
especially those with a diameter of at least 100–200 μm (Sage et al. 2014).
Although the representatives of most bacterial genus are present in the soil, only
some specific bacteria are important to soil quality. These specific bacteria are
present in the soil in a large number and contribute to the biological activity of
soil to a high degree. Soil is the friendliest environment for MOs growth, being the
natural reservoir of a huge number of MOs. The diversity of soil MOs is very high. In
the soil, MOs have favorable conditions for development and propagation,
processing OM by using different inorganic substances. Soil conditions vary
depending on the type of soil, season, and geographical region.
4.2.3 Nature of Microorganisms in the Soil
Soil microbiology varies quantitatively and qualitatively depending on soil type, pH,
vegetation, climatic conditions, etc. The soil microflora is made up of native MOs,
permanently present and alohtones (the exotic), whose presence depends on the
intake of mineral and OSs from the outside and which survive to the decomposition
of these substances. The native microbiota is specific to each type of soil, being
adapted to the metabolism of certain types of relatively stable substances in the soil
type. It is involved in all microbiological processes that take place in the soil. The
alohthonic microbiota is introduced by humans through fertilization or waste water
spills. It occurs in some soil processes. MOs in manure participate in the mineralization of OM. Their catabolism substances are subsequently metabolized by different
groups of native MOs. The majority, however, is microbiological soil pollution
(Horemans et al. 2018).
4.2.4 Types of Microorganisms From Soil
The composition of the microbiota is influenced by the season and the degree of soil
processing.
The Bacteria Predominant are bacteria in the form of microcolonies adsorbed on
soil particles in all neutral and alkaline soil types. Some produce polymers of a
mucilaginous nature that cause aggregation of soil particles so that the soil becomes
more granular, which increases aeration and fertility. The most common genera are
84
M. Butu et al.