Ruddiman WF (2010) Plows, plagues, and petroleum: how humans took control of climate.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, p 46
Ryu HW, Hahn SK, Chang YK, Chang HN (1997) Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by high
cell density fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus with phosphate limitation. Biotechnol
Bioeng 55(1):28–32
Saika A, Watanabe Y, Sudesh K, Tsuge T (2014) Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3hydroxy-4-methylvalerate) by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing leucine metabolismrelated enzymes derived from Clostridium difficile. J Biosci Bioeng 117(6):670–675
Saika A, Ushimaru K, Mizuno S, Tsuge T (2015) Genome-based analysis and gene dosage studies
provide new insight into 3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate biosynthesis in Ralstonia eutropha. J
Bacteriol 197(8):1350–1359
Sato S, Nomura CT, Abe H, Doi Y, Tsuge T (2007) Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] formation in
Escherichia coli from glucose through an enoyl-CoA hydratase-mediated pathway. J Biosci
Bioeng 103(1):38–44
Stapp C (1924) Über die reserveinhaltstoffe und den schleim von Azotobacter chroococcum Centr.
Bakt Parasitenk 2:61–276
Steinbüchel A (1992) Biodegradable plastics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 3(3):291–297
Sudesh K, Abe H, Doi Y (2000) Synthesis, structure and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates:
biological polyesters. Prog Polym Sci 25(10):1503–1555
Taguchi S, Nakamura H, Kichise T, Tsuge T, Yamato I, Doi Y (2003) Production of
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from renewable carbon sources in recombinant Ralstonia
eutropha using mutants of original PHA synthase. Biochem Eng J 16(2):107–113
Taguchi K, Taguchi S, Sudesh K, Maehara A, Tsuge T, Doi Y (2005) Metabolic pathways and
engineering of polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis. In: Biopolymers online. Wiley-VCH Verlag
GmbH & Co. KGaA. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.bpol3a07
Taguchi S, Iwata T, Abe H, Doi Y (2012) Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s. In: Moeller M, Matyjaszewski
K (eds) Polymer science: a comprehensive reference, vol 9, pp 157–182
Tanadchangsaeng N, Kitagawa A, Yamamoto T, Abe H, Tsuge T (2009) Identification, biosynthesis, and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate
and 3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate. Biomacromolecules 10(10):2866–2874
Tanadchangsaeng N, Tsuge T, Abe H (2010) Comonomer compositional distribution, physical
properties, and enzymatic degradability of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy-4methylvalerate) copolyesters. Biomacromolecules 11(6):1615–1622
Thellen C, Coyne M, Froio D, Auerbach M, Wirsen C, Ratto JA (2008) A processing, characterization and marine biodegradation study of melt-extruded polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) films. J
Polym Environ 16(1):1–11
Tomizawa S, Hyakutake M, Saito Y, Agus J, Mizuno K, Abe H, Tsuge T (2011) Molecular weight
change of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) caused by the PhaC subunit of PHA synthase from
Bacillus cereus YB-4 in recombinant Escherichia coli. Biomacromolecules 12(7):2660–2666
Tsuge T (2002) Metabolic improvements and use of inexpensive carbon sources in microbial
production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. J Biosci Bioeng 94(6):579–584
Tsuge T, Fukui T, Matsusaki H, Taguchi S, Kobayashi G, Ishizaki A, Doi Y (2000) Molecular
cloning of two (R)-specific enoyl-CoA hydratase genes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their
use for polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 184(2):193–198
Tsuge T, Taguchi K, Taguchi S, Doi Y (2003) Molecular characterization and properties of (R)specific enoyl-CoA hydratases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: metabolic tools for synthesis of
polyhydroxyalkanoates via fatty acid ß-oxidation. Int J Biol Macromol 31(4–5):195–205
Tsuge T, Saito Y, Narike M, Muneta K, Normi YM, Kikkawa Y, Doi Y (2004a) Mutation effects of
a conserved alanine (Ala510) in type I polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase from Ralstonia eutropha
on polyester biosynthesis. Macromol Biosci 4(10):963–970
Tsuge T, Saito Y, Kikkawa Y, Hiraishi T, Doi Y (2004b) Biosynthesis and compositional regulation
of poly[(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-hydroxyhexanoate)] in recombinant Ralstonia eutropha
expressing mutated polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase genes. Macromol Biosci 4(3):238–242
78
R. Sivashankari and T. Tsuge
Princeton University Press, Princeton, p 46
Ryu HW, Hahn SK, Chang YK, Chang HN (1997) Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by high
cell density fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus with phosphate limitation. Biotechnol
Bioeng 55(1):28–32
Saika A, Watanabe Y, Sudesh K, Tsuge T (2014) Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3hydroxy-4-methylvalerate) by recombinant Escherichia coli expressing leucine metabolismrelated enzymes derived from Clostridium difficile. J Biosci Bioeng 117(6):670–675
Saika A, Ushimaru K, Mizuno S, Tsuge T (2015) Genome-based analysis and gene dosage studies
provide new insight into 3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate biosynthesis in Ralstonia eutropha. J
Bacteriol 197(8):1350–1359
Sato S, Nomura CT, Abe H, Doi Y, Tsuge T (2007) Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] formation in
Escherichia coli from glucose through an enoyl-CoA hydratase-mediated pathway. J Biosci
Bioeng 103(1):38–44
Stapp C (1924) Über die reserveinhaltstoffe und den schleim von Azotobacter chroococcum Centr.
Bakt Parasitenk 2:61–276
Steinbüchel A (1992) Biodegradable plastics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 3(3):291–297
Sudesh K, Abe H, Doi Y (2000) Synthesis, structure and properties of polyhydroxyalkanoates:
biological polyesters. Prog Polym Sci 25(10):1503–1555
Taguchi S, Nakamura H, Kichise T, Tsuge T, Yamato I, Doi Y (2003) Production of
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from renewable carbon sources in recombinant Ralstonia
eutropha using mutants of original PHA synthase. Biochem Eng J 16(2):107–113
Taguchi K, Taguchi S, Sudesh K, Maehara A, Tsuge T, Doi Y (2005) Metabolic pathways and
engineering of polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis. In: Biopolymers online. Wiley-VCH Verlag
GmbH & Co. KGaA. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600035.bpol3a07
Taguchi S, Iwata T, Abe H, Doi Y (2012) Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s. In: Moeller M, Matyjaszewski
K (eds) Polymer science: a comprehensive reference, vol 9, pp 157–182
Tanadchangsaeng N, Kitagawa A, Yamamoto T, Abe H, Tsuge T (2009) Identification, biosynthesis, and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate
and 3-hydroxy-4-methylvalerate. Biomacromolecules 10(10):2866–2874
Tanadchangsaeng N, Tsuge T, Abe H (2010) Comonomer compositional distribution, physical
properties, and enzymatic degradability of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy-4methylvalerate) copolyesters. Biomacromolecules 11(6):1615–1622
Thellen C, Coyne M, Froio D, Auerbach M, Wirsen C, Ratto JA (2008) A processing, characterization and marine biodegradation study of melt-extruded polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) films. J
Polym Environ 16(1):1–11
Tomizawa S, Hyakutake M, Saito Y, Agus J, Mizuno K, Abe H, Tsuge T (2011) Molecular weight
change of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) caused by the PhaC subunit of PHA synthase from
Bacillus cereus YB-4 in recombinant Escherichia coli. Biomacromolecules 12(7):2660–2666
Tsuge T (2002) Metabolic improvements and use of inexpensive carbon sources in microbial
production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. J Biosci Bioeng 94(6):579–584
Tsuge T, Fukui T, Matsusaki H, Taguchi S, Kobayashi G, Ishizaki A, Doi Y (2000) Molecular
cloning of two (R)-specific enoyl-CoA hydratase genes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and their
use for polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 184(2):193–198
Tsuge T, Taguchi K, Taguchi S, Doi Y (2003) Molecular characterization and properties of (R)specific enoyl-CoA hydratases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: metabolic tools for synthesis of
polyhydroxyalkanoates via fatty acid ß-oxidation. Int J Biol Macromol 31(4–5):195–205
Tsuge T, Saito Y, Narike M, Muneta K, Normi YM, Kikkawa Y, Doi Y (2004a) Mutation effects of
a conserved alanine (Ala510) in type I polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase from Ralstonia eutropha
on polyester biosynthesis. Macromol Biosci 4(10):963–970
Tsuge T, Saito Y, Kikkawa Y, Hiraishi T, Doi Y (2004b) Biosynthesis and compositional regulation
of poly[(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-hydroxyhexanoate)] in recombinant Ralstonia eutropha
expressing mutated polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase genes. Macromol Biosci 4(3):238–242
78
R. Sivashankari and T. Tsuge