Bhubalan K, Lee WH, Loo CY, Yamamoto T, Tsuge T, Doi Y, Sudesh K (2008) Controlled
biosynthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3hydroxyhexanoate) from mixtures of palm kernel oil and 3HV-precursors. Polym Degrad
Stab 93(1):17–23
Chek MF, Kim SY, Mori T, Arsad H, Samian MR, Sudesh K, Hakoshima T (2017) Structure of
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase PhaC from Chromobacterium sp. USM2, producing
biodegradable plastics. Sci Rep 7(1):5312
Chia KH, Ooi TF, Saika A, Tsuge T, Sudesh K (2010) Biosynthesis and characterization of novel
polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers with high elastic property by Cupriavidus necator PHB
À
4
transformant. Polym Degrad Stab 95(12):2226–2232
Choi JI, Lee SY, Han K (1998) Cloning of the Alcaligenes latus polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis
genes and use of these genes for enhanced production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in
Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(12):4897–4903
Choi SY, Rhie MN, Kim HT, Joo JC, Cho IJ, Son J, Lee Y (2020) Metabolic engineering for the
synthesis of polyesters: a 100-year journey from polyhydroxyalkanoates to non-natural microbial polyesters. Metab Eng 58:47–81
Dennis D, McCoy M, Stangl A, Valentin HE, Wu Z (1998) Formation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrateco-3-hydroxyhexanoate) by PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha. J Biotechnol 64
(2–3):177–186
Doudoroff M, Stanier RY (1959) Role of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid in the assimilation of organic
carbon by bacteria. Nature 183(4673):1440
Fadzil M Ikhma F, MIzuno S, Hiroe A, Nomura C, Tsuge T (2018) Low carbon concentration
feeding improves medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate production in Escherichia coli
strains with defective β-oxidation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 6:178
Fidler S, Dennis D (1992) Polyhydroxyalkanoate production in recombinant Escherichia coli.
FEMS Microbiol Rev 9(2–4):231–235
Forsyth WGC, Hayward AC, Roberts JB (1958) Occurrence of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid in
aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Nature 182(4638):800
Fukui T, Doi Y (1998) Efficient production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from plant oils by
Alcaligenes eutrophus and its recombinant strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 49(3):333–336
Heng KS, Hatti-Kaul R, Adam F, Fukui T, Sudesh K (2017) Conversion of rice husks to
polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) via a three-step process: Optimized alkaline pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and biosynthesis by Burkholderia cepacia USM (JCM 15050). J Chem
Technol Biotechnol 92(1):100–108
Hiroe A, Ishii N, Ishii D, Kabe T, Abe H, Iwata T, Tsuge T (2016) Uniformity of monomer
composition and material properties of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates
biosynthesized from pure and crude fatty acids. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4(12):6905–6911
Hiroe A, Watanabe S, Kobayashi M, Nomura CT, Tsuge T (2018) Increased synthesis of poly
(3-hydroxydodecanoate) by random mutagenesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 102(18):7927–7934
Hokamura A, Wakida I, Miyahara Y, Tsuge T, Shiratsuchi H, Tanaka K, Matsusaki H (2015)
Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyalkanoates) by recombinant Escherichia
coli from glucose. J Biosci Bioeng 120(3):305–310
Holmes PA, Collins SH, Wright LF (1984) U.S. Patent No. 4,477,654. U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office, Washington, DC
Huang P, Okoshi T, Mizuno S, Hiroe A, Tsuge T (2018) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
based monomer composition analysis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates
biosynthesized by Pseudomonas spp. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 82(9):1615–1623
Hyakutake M, Saito Y, Tomizawa S, Mizuno K, Tsuge T (2011) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
synthesis by class IV PHA synthases employing Ralstonia eutropha PHB
À
4 as host strain.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 75:1615–1617
Iwata T (2005) Strong fibers and films of microbial polyesters. Macromol Biosci 5(8):689–701
76
R. Sivashankari and T. Tsuge
biosynthesis and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3hydroxyhexanoate) from mixtures of palm kernel oil and 3HV-precursors. Polym Degrad
Stab 93(1):17–23
Chek MF, Kim SY, Mori T, Arsad H, Samian MR, Sudesh K, Hakoshima T (2017) Structure of
polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase PhaC from Chromobacterium sp. USM2, producing
biodegradable plastics. Sci Rep 7(1):5312
Chia KH, Ooi TF, Saika A, Tsuge T, Sudesh K (2010) Biosynthesis and characterization of novel
polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers with high elastic property by Cupriavidus necator PHB
À
4
transformant. Polym Degrad Stab 95(12):2226–2232
Choi JI, Lee SY, Han K (1998) Cloning of the Alcaligenes latus polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis
genes and use of these genes for enhanced production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in
Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(12):4897–4903
Choi SY, Rhie MN, Kim HT, Joo JC, Cho IJ, Son J, Lee Y (2020) Metabolic engineering for the
synthesis of polyesters: a 100-year journey from polyhydroxyalkanoates to non-natural microbial polyesters. Metab Eng 58:47–81
Dennis D, McCoy M, Stangl A, Valentin HE, Wu Z (1998) Formation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrateco-3-hydroxyhexanoate) by PHA synthase from Ralstonia eutropha. J Biotechnol 64
(2–3):177–186
Doudoroff M, Stanier RY (1959) Role of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid in the assimilation of organic
carbon by bacteria. Nature 183(4673):1440
Fadzil M Ikhma F, MIzuno S, Hiroe A, Nomura C, Tsuge T (2018) Low carbon concentration
feeding improves medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate production in Escherichia coli
strains with defective β-oxidation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 6:178
Fidler S, Dennis D (1992) Polyhydroxyalkanoate production in recombinant Escherichia coli.
FEMS Microbiol Rev 9(2–4):231–235
Forsyth WGC, Hayward AC, Roberts JB (1958) Occurrence of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid in
aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Nature 182(4638):800
Fukui T, Doi Y (1998) Efficient production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from plant oils by
Alcaligenes eutrophus and its recombinant strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 49(3):333–336
Heng KS, Hatti-Kaul R, Adam F, Fukui T, Sudesh K (2017) Conversion of rice husks to
polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) via a three-step process: Optimized alkaline pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and biosynthesis by Burkholderia cepacia USM (JCM 15050). J Chem
Technol Biotechnol 92(1):100–108
Hiroe A, Ishii N, Ishii D, Kabe T, Abe H, Iwata T, Tsuge T (2016) Uniformity of monomer
composition and material properties of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates
biosynthesized from pure and crude fatty acids. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 4(12):6905–6911
Hiroe A, Watanabe S, Kobayashi M, Nomura CT, Tsuge T (2018) Increased synthesis of poly
(3-hydroxydodecanoate) by random mutagenesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase. Appl
Microbiol Biotechnol 102(18):7927–7934
Hokamura A, Wakida I, Miyahara Y, Tsuge T, Shiratsuchi H, Tanaka K, Matsusaki H (2015)
Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyalkanoates) by recombinant Escherichia
coli from glucose. J Biosci Bioeng 120(3):305–310
Holmes PA, Collins SH, Wright LF (1984) U.S. Patent No. 4,477,654. U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office, Washington, DC
Huang P, Okoshi T, Mizuno S, Hiroe A, Tsuge T (2018) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
based monomer composition analysis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates
biosynthesized by Pseudomonas spp. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 82(9):1615–1623
Hyakutake M, Saito Y, Tomizawa S, Mizuno K, Tsuge T (2011) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
synthesis by class IV PHA synthases employing Ralstonia eutropha PHB
À
4 as host strain.
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 75:1615–1617
Iwata T (2005) Strong fibers and films of microbial polyesters. Macromol Biosci 5(8):689–701
76
R. Sivashankari and T. Tsuge