contaminants in soil by both in situ and ex situ remediation techniques (Wadgaonkar
et al. 2019; Mosca Angelucci and Tomei 2016; Prasad 2017, 2018) (Table 16.3).
16.6.2.1 In Situ Bioremediation
In-situ bioremediation is accompanied by minimal interference to the environment at
the contamination site. Besides, it incurs less cost when compared to conventional
soil remediation techniques (ex situ bioremediation). In situ bioremediation
techniques are further categorized into:
Table 16.3 Various techniques for remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants in soil
Types of contaminants
In situ
Ex situ
Organic pollutants
Aromatic hydrocarbons and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Bioventing
Microbial bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Thermal treatment
Biopiles
Composting
Land farming
Bioreactors
Thermal desorption
Incineration
Petroleum
Microbial bioremediation
Biosparging
Slurping
Bioremediation
Soil washing
Thermal desorption
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons
Bioventing
Microbial bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Slurping
Thermal treatment
Biopiles
Bioreactor
Thermal desorption
Incineration
Chlorinated and non-chlorinated
phenols
Bioventing
Microbial bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Slurping
Biopiles
Composting
Land farming
Bioreactors
Thermal desorption
Incineration
Dioxins and furans
Thermal treatment
Phytoremediation
Microbial bioremediation
Soil stabilization and
solidification
Inorganic pollutants
Metal(loid)s and non-metals
Natural attenuation
Phytoremediation
Soil stabilization
Thermal treatment
(electrokinetics)
Chemical extraction and
oxidation
Soil washing, stabilization
and solidification
Solvent extraction
Hazardous chemicals
Microbial bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Microbial bioremediation
Soil washing
Solvent extraction
Thermal desorption
Sources: Lacatusu et al. (2017), Azubuike (2016), Petruzzeli et al. (2015), Agarry and Oghenejoboh
(2015)
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