pharmaceutical industry to maintain and sustain the environment and minimize
the pollution.
Keywords
Chromatography · Membrane process · Trickling bed · Fluidized bed reactor ·
Packed bed reactor · Bubble column reactor
11.1 Introduction
Water bodies are being contaminated with different industrial solid waste, discharge
and effluents which leads to a detrimental effect on the environment. Amongst the
different industries, food and pharmaceuticals are the major contributors to environment hazards. In the food industries, the usage of various colours and additives in
formulations such as confectioneries, health supplement and beverages is the key
contributor (Singer et al. 2003). The pharmaceutical industry produces various active
pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for formulations. Also, along with API, they too
use varied diluents and excipient which may be colouring agents in various degrees
of magnitude. Several API are used as drugs for pharmacological effect which
includes antibiotics that are used therapeutically for treating infections caused by
pathogenic bacteria in human, animal and birds (Cabello 2006). The discharge such
as water effluents and drains from food and pharmaceutical industries contributes as
a high degree of water pollutants and threats to portable water sources used for
human consumptions. The quality of portable water bodies such as river, lakes and
ponds is being tremendously compromised and is deteriorating at a high rate due to
industrial effluents (Vignesh et al. 2011).
The major challenges of food industries are the coloured discharge in the portable
water bodies which not only makes water unfit for human consumption but also
adversely affects the flora and fauna of the water bodies. The phenomenon of toxic
effect and accumulation into aquatic animal has predominately ruined the aquatic life
system which indirectly has effect on portable water quality. Presently, the dyes and
colourants used in food industries are synthetic and semisynthetic derivatives or
natural origin compounds (Dotto and Pinto 2011). The dyes are chemically composed of reactive functional groups which affect the planktons present in the water
bodies which are crucial for food chain of the aquatic system. Hence, these
colourants may have a significant impact on the water quality irrespective of the
water bodies. Similar challenge also arises for the pharmaceutical industries for dyes
used for tablets, granules, lozenges and oral liquids (Hassaan and El Nemr 2017).
In the confectionery process, the colourants and dyes mainly enter in the effluent
during surface washing of the lozenges for smoothening effect as a critical step for
texture improvisation. The surface washing creates a high-throughput volume of
effluent in food industries (Ozgun et al. 2012), whereas other steps such as spillages
during colour making and addition, mould washing after process, sudden leaks and
inevitable discharges through pipe fitting during the process are also contributors in
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A. S. Gupta et al.
the pollution.
Keywords
Chromatography · Membrane process · Trickling bed · Fluidized bed reactor ·
Packed bed reactor · Bubble column reactor
11.1 Introduction
Water bodies are being contaminated with different industrial solid waste, discharge
and effluents which leads to a detrimental effect on the environment. Amongst the
different industries, food and pharmaceuticals are the major contributors to environment hazards. In the food industries, the usage of various colours and additives in
formulations such as confectioneries, health supplement and beverages is the key
contributor (Singer et al. 2003). The pharmaceutical industry produces various active
pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for formulations. Also, along with API, they too
use varied diluents and excipient which may be colouring agents in various degrees
of magnitude. Several API are used as drugs for pharmacological effect which
includes antibiotics that are used therapeutically for treating infections caused by
pathogenic bacteria in human, animal and birds (Cabello 2006). The discharge such
as water effluents and drains from food and pharmaceutical industries contributes as
a high degree of water pollutants and threats to portable water sources used for
human consumptions. The quality of portable water bodies such as river, lakes and
ponds is being tremendously compromised and is deteriorating at a high rate due to
industrial effluents (Vignesh et al. 2011).
The major challenges of food industries are the coloured discharge in the portable
water bodies which not only makes water unfit for human consumption but also
adversely affects the flora and fauna of the water bodies. The phenomenon of toxic
effect and accumulation into aquatic animal has predominately ruined the aquatic life
system which indirectly has effect on portable water quality. Presently, the dyes and
colourants used in food industries are synthetic and semisynthetic derivatives or
natural origin compounds (Dotto and Pinto 2011). The dyes are chemically composed of reactive functional groups which affect the planktons present in the water
bodies which are crucial for food chain of the aquatic system. Hence, these
colourants may have a significant impact on the water quality irrespective of the
water bodies. Similar challenge also arises for the pharmaceutical industries for dyes
used for tablets, granules, lozenges and oral liquids (Hassaan and El Nemr 2017).
In the confectionery process, the colourants and dyes mainly enter in the effluent
during surface washing of the lozenges for smoothening effect as a critical step for
texture improvisation. The surface washing creates a high-throughput volume of
effluent in food industries (Ozgun et al. 2012), whereas other steps such as spillages
during colour making and addition, mould washing after process, sudden leaks and
inevitable discharges through pipe fitting during the process are also contributors in
296
A. S. Gupta et al.