8.7
Conclusion
The contamination of the environment by persistent organic pollutants and their
perilous impacts on human and other living organisms are evident from literature.
Despite of the ban imposed on the use and production of POPs they are still in use in
various parts of the world. Their historical as well as present inputs into different
environmental compartments are leading to severe ecological damage arising the
need of their remediation. These pollutants are reported to significantly resist the
conventional treatment methods including filtration, use of flocculants, coagulation,
or chemical treatment such as chlorination. Therefore various efficient removal
methods and technologies have been analyzed and applied to remove these toxic
pollutants from different environmental compartments such as water, wastewater,
and soil. Methods including bioremediation, adsorption process, membrane technology (microfiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis), and advanced oxidation
processes (AOPs) which include ozonation, peroxonation, photolysis of O 3 , or H 2 O 2
electrochemical and sonochemical AOPs are documented to efficiently remove these
recalcitrant contaminants.
References
Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MS (2016) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source,
environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt J Pet 25(1):107–123
Adeola FO (2004) Boon or bane? The environmental and health impacts of persistent organic
pollutants (POPs). Hum Ecol Rev:27–35
Aggarwal PK, Means JL, Hinchee RE, Headington GL, Gavaskar AR (1990) Method to select
chemicals for in-situ biodegradation of fuel hydrocarbons. Final report, November 1988–
January 1990 (No. AD-A-227541/0/XAB). Battelle Columbus Labs., OH (USA)
Ahmad T, Rafatullah M, Ghazali A, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A (2010) Removal of
pesticides from water and wastewater by different adsorbents: a review. J Environ Sci Health
C 28(4):231–271
Ahmaruzzaman M (2009) Role of fly ash in the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.
Energy Fuel 23(3):1494–1511
Ahmaruzzaman M, Gupta VK (2011) Rice husk and its ash as low-cost adsorbents in water and
wastewater treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 50(24):13589–13613
Akyüz M, Çabuk H (2010) Gas–particle partitioning and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Zonguldak, Turkey. Sci Total Environ 408(22):5550–5558
Alaee M (2006) Recent progress in understanding of the levels, trends, fate and effects of BFRs in
the environment
Alexander M (1999) Biodegradation and bioremediation. Gulf Professional Publishing
Alharbi OM, Khattab RA, Ali I (2018) Health and environmental effects of persistent organic
pollutants. J Mol Liq 263:442–453
Ali U, Syed JH, Malik RN, Katsoyiannis A, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC (2014) Organochlorine
pesticides (OCPs) in South Asian region: a review. Sci Total Environ 476:705–717
Al-Malack MH, Anderson GK, Almasi A (1998) Treatment of anoxic pond effluent using crossflow
microfiltration. Water Res 32(12):3738–3746
Arslan M, Imran A, Khan QM, Afzal M (2017) Plant–bacteria partnerships for the remediation of
persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(5):4322–4336
236
A. B. T. Akhtar et al.
Conclusion
The contamination of the environment by persistent organic pollutants and their
perilous impacts on human and other living organisms are evident from literature.
Despite of the ban imposed on the use and production of POPs they are still in use in
various parts of the world. Their historical as well as present inputs into different
environmental compartments are leading to severe ecological damage arising the
need of their remediation. These pollutants are reported to significantly resist the
conventional treatment methods including filtration, use of flocculants, coagulation,
or chemical treatment such as chlorination. Therefore various efficient removal
methods and technologies have been analyzed and applied to remove these toxic
pollutants from different environmental compartments such as water, wastewater,
and soil. Methods including bioremediation, adsorption process, membrane technology (microfiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis), and advanced oxidation
processes (AOPs) which include ozonation, peroxonation, photolysis of O 3 , or H 2 O 2
electrochemical and sonochemical AOPs are documented to efficiently remove these
recalcitrant contaminants.
References
Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MS (2016) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source,
environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt J Pet 25(1):107–123
Adeola FO (2004) Boon or bane? The environmental and health impacts of persistent organic
pollutants (POPs). Hum Ecol Rev:27–35
Aggarwal PK, Means JL, Hinchee RE, Headington GL, Gavaskar AR (1990) Method to select
chemicals for in-situ biodegradation of fuel hydrocarbons. Final report, November 1988–
January 1990 (No. AD-A-227541/0/XAB). Battelle Columbus Labs., OH (USA)
Ahmad T, Rafatullah M, Ghazali A, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A (2010) Removal of
pesticides from water and wastewater by different adsorbents: a review. J Environ Sci Health
C 28(4):231–271
Ahmaruzzaman M (2009) Role of fly ash in the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater.
Energy Fuel 23(3):1494–1511
Ahmaruzzaman M, Gupta VK (2011) Rice husk and its ash as low-cost adsorbents in water and
wastewater treatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 50(24):13589–13613
Akyüz M, Çabuk H (2010) Gas–particle partitioning and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Zonguldak, Turkey. Sci Total Environ 408(22):5550–5558
Alaee M (2006) Recent progress in understanding of the levels, trends, fate and effects of BFRs in
the environment
Alexander M (1999) Biodegradation and bioremediation. Gulf Professional Publishing
Alharbi OM, Khattab RA, Ali I (2018) Health and environmental effects of persistent organic
pollutants. J Mol Liq 263:442–453
Ali U, Syed JH, Malik RN, Katsoyiannis A, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC (2014) Organochlorine
pesticides (OCPs) in South Asian region: a review. Sci Total Environ 476:705–717
Al-Malack MH, Anderson GK, Almasi A (1998) Treatment of anoxic pond effluent using crossflow
microfiltration. Water Res 32(12):3738–3746
Arslan M, Imran A, Khan QM, Afzal M (2017) Plant–bacteria partnerships for the remediation of
persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(5):4322–4336
236
A. B. T. Akhtar et al.