full-scale constructed wetland systems using a two-stage design, operating under a
warm and dry climatic condition.
7.2
Description of the Constructed Wetland Facility
The full-scale hybrid CW facility uses a combination of a VFCW and an ACW stage
and has been implemented in the Sultanate of Oman (Stefanakis 2020). This facility
has been designed and built by Bauer Nimr LLC in 2017 under the harsh climatic
conditions of the Arabic peninsula and Middle East (i.e. dry and hot climate). The
site conditions can be characterized as severe; there are frequent sandstorm
incidents, while the atmosphere can be laden with airborne dust particles (even
<2 microns). The daily average temperature exceeds 40
C in summer (i.e., period
from May to August) and reaches up to 30
C in winter (i.e. period from December
to January). Precipitation is almost negligible in the area. The following Table 7.1
summarizes the weather conditions in the area of the wetland facility. The harsh
environmental conditions already pose a challenge for any mechanical equipment
that is to be used, to ensure its proper and continuous function, as well as for the
establishment of wetland plants.
The design of the wetland facility was completed in 2017. The construction
started in late 2017 and was completed in the first half of 2018. Since Spring
2018, the commissioning phase of the wetland system started to allow for the
establishment and growth of the plants. The new wetland facility is planned to
replace an existing conventional treatment plant. The CW system receives municipal
wastewater from a remote settlement in the interior under desert environmental
conditions. The settlement is a medium-sized community installed by an oil and
gas company, hosting on the average 1800 persons on a daily basis. The wastewater
Table 7.1 Statistical data of various climatic parameters in the area of the constructed wetland
facility
Parameter
Unit
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Temperature
Summer
C
4 0
6 0
Winter
15
5
Design
55
Precipitation
Design
mm
25 (1 h)
Annual average
Negligible
Relative humidity
%
98
30
Wind speed
km/h
80
123 (3 s)
Wind direction
March–April
NW
May–June
SW
Rest of the year
SE
7 A Two-Stage Constructed Wetland Design Integrating Artificial Aeration and. . .
199
warm and dry climatic condition.
7.2
Description of the Constructed Wetland Facility
The full-scale hybrid CW facility uses a combination of a VFCW and an ACW stage
and has been implemented in the Sultanate of Oman (Stefanakis 2020). This facility
has been designed and built by Bauer Nimr LLC in 2017 under the harsh climatic
conditions of the Arabic peninsula and Middle East (i.e. dry and hot climate). The
site conditions can be characterized as severe; there are frequent sandstorm
incidents, while the atmosphere can be laden with airborne dust particles (even
<2 microns). The daily average temperature exceeds 40
C in summer (i.e., period
from May to August) and reaches up to 30
C in winter (i.e. period from December
to January). Precipitation is almost negligible in the area. The following Table 7.1
summarizes the weather conditions in the area of the wetland facility. The harsh
environmental conditions already pose a challenge for any mechanical equipment
that is to be used, to ensure its proper and continuous function, as well as for the
establishment of wetland plants.
The design of the wetland facility was completed in 2017. The construction
started in late 2017 and was completed in the first half of 2018. Since Spring
2018, the commissioning phase of the wetland system started to allow for the
establishment and growth of the plants. The new wetland facility is planned to
replace an existing conventional treatment plant. The CW system receives municipal
wastewater from a remote settlement in the interior under desert environmental
conditions. The settlement is a medium-sized community installed by an oil and
gas company, hosting on the average 1800 persons on a daily basis. The wastewater
Table 7.1 Statistical data of various climatic parameters in the area of the constructed wetland
facility
Parameter
Unit
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Temperature
Summer
C
4 0
6 0
Winter
15
5
Design
55
Precipitation
Design
mm
25 (1 h)
Annual average
Negligible
Relative humidity
%
98
30
Wind speed
km/h
80
123 (3 s)
Wind direction
March–April
NW
May–June
SW
Rest of the year
SE
7 A Two-Stage Constructed Wetland Design Integrating Artificial Aeration and. . .
199