Fluoride Remediation Using Membrane
Processes
6
Vijaylaxmi and Suphiya Khan
Abstract
Water pollution due to fluoride (F) is a serious problem worldwide; effective
remediation techniques are required. The World Health Organization (WHO) has
set a permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L
À1 for drinking water. F-bearing rocks in India
have also been reported to be plentiful, resulting in fluoride leaching out and
degradation of nearby water and soil resources. F contamination affects many life
forms (both plants and humans) when they enter the food system. The researchers
were fascinated by the evolution of new membrane filtration, their high
selectivity, high efficiency, and elevated membrane durability. Membrane process proved great technology for F remediation from wastewater, groundwater
and potable water. Membrane process is climate safe, low cost and user-friendly.
This chapter reviews different membrane processes for the fluoride remediation.
Keywords
Adsorption · Defluoridation · Fluoride · Membrane processes · Remediation
6.1
Introduction
Water is an important source of human life and development. Currently 71% of
water occupies the earth’s atmosphere, including natural resources that can be
accessed exclusively by people, such as river water, inland reservoirs and shallow
groundwater, comprising just 0.03% of the overall water. Scarcity of safe drinking
water and contamination in water bodies is a major issue throughout the world. More
than 663 million peoples are suffering from safe drinking water problems. F is the
Vijaylaxmi · S. Khan (*)
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali Tonk, Rajasthan,
India
# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
R. Prasad (ed.), Environmental Pollution and Remediation, Environmental and
Microbial Biotechnology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5499-5_6
175
Processes
6
Vijaylaxmi and Suphiya Khan
Abstract
Water pollution due to fluoride (F) is a serious problem worldwide; effective
remediation techniques are required. The World Health Organization (WHO) has
set a permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L
À1 for drinking water. F-bearing rocks in India
have also been reported to be plentiful, resulting in fluoride leaching out and
degradation of nearby water and soil resources. F contamination affects many life
forms (both plants and humans) when they enter the food system. The researchers
were fascinated by the evolution of new membrane filtration, their high
selectivity, high efficiency, and elevated membrane durability. Membrane process proved great technology for F remediation from wastewater, groundwater
and potable water. Membrane process is climate safe, low cost and user-friendly.
This chapter reviews different membrane processes for the fluoride remediation.
Keywords
Adsorption · Defluoridation · Fluoride · Membrane processes · Remediation
6.1
Introduction
Water is an important source of human life and development. Currently 71% of
water occupies the earth’s atmosphere, including natural resources that can be
accessed exclusively by people, such as river water, inland reservoirs and shallow
groundwater, comprising just 0.03% of the overall water. Scarcity of safe drinking
water and contamination in water bodies is a major issue throughout the world. More
than 663 million peoples are suffering from safe drinking water problems. F is the
Vijaylaxmi · S. Khan (*)
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali Tonk, Rajasthan,
India
# Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
R. Prasad (ed.), Environmental Pollution and Remediation, Environmental and
Microbial Biotechnology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5499-5_6
175