animals. It has been formed over time by the long and interdependent action of
climatic and biotic factors on parental rocks. Unlike other natural resources, the soil
is limited in scope and has a fixed character; once destroyed, it can no longer be
restored as it was, because it cannot reproduce the conditions of its formation. Soil
degradation, through loss of fertility, occurs through the following: export of
nutrients from the soil with harvest, redevelopment of marshes, and erosion caused
by massive deforestation or excessive grazing, acidification or salinization, or
pollution. Soil pollution consists of changing the qualitative and quantitative composition, a change that affects the normal evolution of the biocenosis associated with
it. The main purpose of this paper was to identify, group, and research soil conditions
with regard to the forms in which it is exposed and the risk of the occurrence and
extension of these processes by describing advanced technologies of ecological
reconstruction and bioremediation of degraded lands. A clear differentiation was
done between reconstruction, rehabilitation, degradation, and deterioration as
follows:
– Reconstruction vs. rehabilitation. Reconstruction involves the restoration of all
processes, subsystems, and functional structures of an ecosystem affected by a
major disruption, replacing or constructing if (new) destroyed structures/
subsystems are needed to enable the ecosystem to perform its previous functions.
Rehabilitation refers to actions aimed at restoring the main functions and processes of a system. Support is provided for the affected ecosystem to resume most
of the functions it was capable of before confronting a major disruption.
– Degradation vs damage. Degradation is the process by which ecosystems are
progressively contaminated, polluted, overexploited, fragmented, and sometimes
even destroyed (following anthropogenic intervention). Deterioration of the main
components of the ecosystem involves both the degradation of the biotope/
habitats and the biotic–biocenosis component (populations, species).
The causes of various negative soil degradation processes are many and have led
to a worsening of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils and,
ultimately, their productivity status. Applying poor agricultural management without
taking into account local specific conditions has increased the risk of agrophysical
soil degradation and has intensified these negative processes that already affected
important land areas. The only reliable procedure to address such events is integrated
risk management. The components of this managerial strategy are limiting the size of
the risk by applying mandatory authorities’ activities, assessing the situation, reducing vulnerability through prevention, and preparing and informing the population
and local authorities.
References
Asgari Lajayer B, Khadem Moghadam N, Maghsoodi MR, Ghorbanpour M, Kariman K (2019)
Phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soil, water and atmosphere using
126
M. Butu et al.
climatic and biotic factors on parental rocks. Unlike other natural resources, the soil
is limited in scope and has a fixed character; once destroyed, it can no longer be
restored as it was, because it cannot reproduce the conditions of its formation. Soil
degradation, through loss of fertility, occurs through the following: export of
nutrients from the soil with harvest, redevelopment of marshes, and erosion caused
by massive deforestation or excessive grazing, acidification or salinization, or
pollution. Soil pollution consists of changing the qualitative and quantitative composition, a change that affects the normal evolution of the biocenosis associated with
it. The main purpose of this paper was to identify, group, and research soil conditions
with regard to the forms in which it is exposed and the risk of the occurrence and
extension of these processes by describing advanced technologies of ecological
reconstruction and bioremediation of degraded lands. A clear differentiation was
done between reconstruction, rehabilitation, degradation, and deterioration as
follows:
– Reconstruction vs. rehabilitation. Reconstruction involves the restoration of all
processes, subsystems, and functional structures of an ecosystem affected by a
major disruption, replacing or constructing if (new) destroyed structures/
subsystems are needed to enable the ecosystem to perform its previous functions.
Rehabilitation refers to actions aimed at restoring the main functions and processes of a system. Support is provided for the affected ecosystem to resume most
of the functions it was capable of before confronting a major disruption.
– Degradation vs damage. Degradation is the process by which ecosystems are
progressively contaminated, polluted, overexploited, fragmented, and sometimes
even destroyed (following anthropogenic intervention). Deterioration of the main
components of the ecosystem involves both the degradation of the biotope/
habitats and the biotic–biocenosis component (populations, species).
The causes of various negative soil degradation processes are many and have led
to a worsening of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils and,
ultimately, their productivity status. Applying poor agricultural management without
taking into account local specific conditions has increased the risk of agrophysical
soil degradation and has intensified these negative processes that already affected
important land areas. The only reliable procedure to address such events is integrated
risk management. The components of this managerial strategy are limiting the size of
the risk by applying mandatory authorities’ activities, assessing the situation, reducing vulnerability through prevention, and preparing and informing the population
and local authorities.
References
Asgari Lajayer B, Khadem Moghadam N, Maghsoodi MR, Ghorbanpour M, Kariman K (2019)
Phytoextraction of heavy metals from contaminated soil, water and atmosphere using
126
M. Butu et al.