species have a poor development: R. pseudoacacia 17.4 cm, Ulmus pumila 8 cm,
black pine 6.0 cm, and Fraxinus ornus only 2 cm. Among the species of shrubs, the
best growths are recorded by the willow shrub and the white H. rhamnoides, 18.6
and 18.3 cm, respectively, followed by the red H. rhamnoides and bird cherry with
13.2 and 11.1 cm, respectively. The poorest development has, among shrubs, the
dogwood with an average annual growth of 7.5 and 8.7 cm, in the special improvement conditions adopted, mentioned above, the best development in the first 3 years
had R. pseudoacacia and trench, with increases in height of 1.18 and 1.01 m/year
respectively, followed by white H. rhamnoides by 0.44 m. The weakest increases
were registered by the Prunus padus (0.28 m) (Cetinkaya and Sozen 2011).
4.11.2 Models of Ecological Rehabilitation and Recultivation
of Polluted and Degraded Soils From Technical Waste Dumps
from Iron Mines
The enzymatic research on the catalytic and invertase activities of the reburied
tailings dumps (the Staroosko Fe deposit area, the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly
Region) took place in 1979. The dumps from here are of three types: sandy, luteal,
and cretaceous–maroon. They were revegetated with spontaneous and introduced
herbs or with forest plants (sea buckthorn, acacia, sail). After 8–10 years, reedbeds
with herbs were covered with a 1.5–2 cm lawn, which protects them against erosion
and deflation. In the forest plantations of 8–10 years, the litter mass reached 0.5–0.9
t/ha.
Catalase activity was measurable in all reefs. This activity, like breathing (CO 2
production) and the accumulation of humus, was more intense under grassy vegetation than in the forest. Invertebrate activity has been influenced not only by the
nature of the vegetation but also by the nature of the tailings dumps. This activity
was maximal in the rhizosphere of the H. rhamnoides growing on the cretaceous–
marsh hill (Juwarkar et al. 2009).
Enzymologically, the tailings dumps of existing Fe mining from Stoilensk
(located in the region of the Magnetic Anomaly in Kursk) were studied. These
dumps are of two types: sandy or cretaceous. The age of spontaneous vegetation
on the heaps ranges from 3 to 20 years. The invertase, urease, and catalase activities
increased in the 0–5 cm layer of the soil in parallel to the vegetation age. The
increase was more pronounced in the soil of sandy dumps than in the cretaceous
heaps. During the vegetation period, peak activity values were obtained in the
middle of the summer. In both the new and the old ponds, subjected to
phytoamelioration with a mixture of six leguminous plants and grasses – common
sainfoin, alfalfa, red clover, Bromus inermis, fescue, and couch grass or twitch grass
(Elymus repens) – the EAs increased by 1.5–3 times.
Other studies consisted of splitting the plots of the dump materials covered with
surface soil (chernozem), redeposited either in dry state (parcels I) or wet (pumping
of the soil and water mixture) (parcels II). Alfalfa was used for revegetation. In the
3rd year of revegetation, samples were collected from the depths of 0–10, 10–20,
4 Advanced Technologies for Ecological Reconstruction and Bioremediation of. . .
121
black pine 6.0 cm, and Fraxinus ornus only 2 cm. Among the species of shrubs, the
best growths are recorded by the willow shrub and the white H. rhamnoides, 18.6
and 18.3 cm, respectively, followed by the red H. rhamnoides and bird cherry with
13.2 and 11.1 cm, respectively. The poorest development has, among shrubs, the
dogwood with an average annual growth of 7.5 and 8.7 cm, in the special improvement conditions adopted, mentioned above, the best development in the first 3 years
had R. pseudoacacia and trench, with increases in height of 1.18 and 1.01 m/year
respectively, followed by white H. rhamnoides by 0.44 m. The weakest increases
were registered by the Prunus padus (0.28 m) (Cetinkaya and Sozen 2011).
4.11.2 Models of Ecological Rehabilitation and Recultivation
of Polluted and Degraded Soils From Technical Waste Dumps
from Iron Mines
The enzymatic research on the catalytic and invertase activities of the reburied
tailings dumps (the Staroosko Fe deposit area, the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly
Region) took place in 1979. The dumps from here are of three types: sandy, luteal,
and cretaceous–maroon. They were revegetated with spontaneous and introduced
herbs or with forest plants (sea buckthorn, acacia, sail). After 8–10 years, reedbeds
with herbs were covered with a 1.5–2 cm lawn, which protects them against erosion
and deflation. In the forest plantations of 8–10 years, the litter mass reached 0.5–0.9
t/ha.
Catalase activity was measurable in all reefs. This activity, like breathing (CO 2
production) and the accumulation of humus, was more intense under grassy vegetation than in the forest. Invertebrate activity has been influenced not only by the
nature of the vegetation but also by the nature of the tailings dumps. This activity
was maximal in the rhizosphere of the H. rhamnoides growing on the cretaceous–
marsh hill (Juwarkar et al. 2009).
Enzymologically, the tailings dumps of existing Fe mining from Stoilensk
(located in the region of the Magnetic Anomaly in Kursk) were studied. These
dumps are of two types: sandy or cretaceous. The age of spontaneous vegetation
on the heaps ranges from 3 to 20 years. The invertase, urease, and catalase activities
increased in the 0–5 cm layer of the soil in parallel to the vegetation age. The
increase was more pronounced in the soil of sandy dumps than in the cretaceous
heaps. During the vegetation period, peak activity values were obtained in the
middle of the summer. In both the new and the old ponds, subjected to
phytoamelioration with a mixture of six leguminous plants and grasses – common
sainfoin, alfalfa, red clover, Bromus inermis, fescue, and couch grass or twitch grass
(Elymus repens) – the EAs increased by 1.5–3 times.
Other studies consisted of splitting the plots of the dump materials covered with
surface soil (chernozem), redeposited either in dry state (parcels I) or wet (pumping
of the soil and water mixture) (parcels II). Alfalfa was used for revegetation. In the
3rd year of revegetation, samples were collected from the depths of 0–10, 10–20,
4 Advanced Technologies for Ecological Reconstruction and Bioremediation of. . .
121