species (accumulators) are Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica,
Quercus palustris, Acer saccharum, and Platanus acerifolia. Conifers are more
sensitive than trees with falling leaves, due to the fact that the life of the leaves
(leaves) is 3–4 years old, and are exposed to pollution during the winter periods
as well.
Pollution with SO 2 and HF can be indicated by conifers and by determining leaf
content (the conifers are also accumulators). Coniferous species susceptible to SO 2
pollution are Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus banksiana, Pinus nigra, Pinus
sylvestris, Pinus strobus, and Larix decidua, and susceptible to HF pollution are
A. alba, P. abies, Pinus ponderosa, P. sylvestris, and Pinus strobus.
Some species may also be used to indicate pollution with photochemical
oxidants: P. abies, Pinus banksiana, and Pinus strobus. Indication of heavy metal
pollution is done by accumulating them, especially in those conifers (the conifers are
heavy metal accumulators). Thus, P. abies, P. sylvestris, Pinus nigra, Taxus
baccata, and Thuja occidentalis are species suitable for indication of pollution
with Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb. Zn, Cd, Ag, and Hg (Turkyilmaz et al. 2019).
Bioindicators in Freshwater Given that biological abatement is particularly active
in aquatic environments, in depollution ponds, we mention a series of bioindicators
and bioaccumulators that allow the assessment of pollutants, such as HMs, etc.
Aquatic Macrophites A series of algae, bryophytes, amphibian, or hydrophilic
phanerogams have strong accentuation of tissue concentration of both mineral
elements (HMs) and organic xenobiotic compounds in water. Aquatic mosses with
bioaccumulation potential are among others: Fontinalis, Amblystegium,
Rhynchostegium, Plathyhypnidium, and Cindidotus. A number of researches have
determined that Fontinalis squamosa and Fontinalis antipyretica have a high capacity of bioaccumulation of Zn and other toxic metals. The last species also
accumulates PCBs or other xenobiotic organic compounds or rare metals, such as
Ag, Bi, and Sn.
Algae Red alga Lemanea sp. is one of the few macrophytes that can live in the
immediate vicinity of water from a tailings pond from a Pb exploitation, it can grow
in waters with high concentrations of toxic Zn metals.
Phanerogam Typha latifolia has proven to be an effective Zn bioaccumulator,
accumulating in the roots up to 1400 mg Zn/kg when the plants grew on sediments
containing 10 mg Zn/kg of sediment (Zalewska and Danowska 2017).
4 Advanced Technologies for Ecological Reconstruction and Bioremediation of. . .
105
Quercus palustris, Acer saccharum, and Platanus acerifolia. Conifers are more
sensitive than trees with falling leaves, due to the fact that the life of the leaves
(leaves) is 3–4 years old, and are exposed to pollution during the winter periods
as well.
Pollution with SO 2 and HF can be indicated by conifers and by determining leaf
content (the conifers are also accumulators). Coniferous species susceptible to SO 2
pollution are Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus banksiana, Pinus nigra, Pinus
sylvestris, Pinus strobus, and Larix decidua, and susceptible to HF pollution are
A. alba, P. abies, Pinus ponderosa, P. sylvestris, and Pinus strobus.
Some species may also be used to indicate pollution with photochemical
oxidants: P. abies, Pinus banksiana, and Pinus strobus. Indication of heavy metal
pollution is done by accumulating them, especially in those conifers (the conifers are
heavy metal accumulators). Thus, P. abies, P. sylvestris, Pinus nigra, Taxus
baccata, and Thuja occidentalis are species suitable for indication of pollution
with Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb. Zn, Cd, Ag, and Hg (Turkyilmaz et al. 2019).
Bioindicators in Freshwater Given that biological abatement is particularly active
in aquatic environments, in depollution ponds, we mention a series of bioindicators
and bioaccumulators that allow the assessment of pollutants, such as HMs, etc.
Aquatic Macrophites A series of algae, bryophytes, amphibian, or hydrophilic
phanerogams have strong accentuation of tissue concentration of both mineral
elements (HMs) and organic xenobiotic compounds in water. Aquatic mosses with
bioaccumulation potential are among others: Fontinalis, Amblystegium,
Rhynchostegium, Plathyhypnidium, and Cindidotus. A number of researches have
determined that Fontinalis squamosa and Fontinalis antipyretica have a high capacity of bioaccumulation of Zn and other toxic metals. The last species also
accumulates PCBs or other xenobiotic organic compounds or rare metals, such as
Ag, Bi, and Sn.
Algae Red alga Lemanea sp. is one of the few macrophytes that can live in the
immediate vicinity of water from a tailings pond from a Pb exploitation, it can grow
in waters with high concentrations of toxic Zn metals.
Phanerogam Typha latifolia has proven to be an effective Zn bioaccumulator,
accumulating in the roots up to 1400 mg Zn/kg when the plants grew on sediments
containing 10 mg Zn/kg of sediment (Zalewska and Danowska 2017).
4 Advanced Technologies for Ecological Reconstruction and Bioremediation of. . .
105