Polyethyleneimine thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes were modified
with SiO 2 nanoparticles for good retention of the 7. SiO 2 nanoparticles were responsible for enhancing the structural properties of the membrane required for better
separation of the dye. Best results were achieved with 0.1% by wt. of SiO 2
nanoparticles, a superior flux rate, and a better rejection over 99% was observed for
organic solutions (Kebria et al. 2015). For handling biologically treated wastewater
from pulp and paper industry, a two-step nanofiltration process was developed. In the
first step, FM NP010 membrane was used and the impact of different working
environments such as pH, temperature, transmembrane pressure, and decrease in
volume retention factors on membrane fouling was studied. Transmembrane pressure
played a major role in membrane fouling. Although the permeate was colorless and
free from insoluble materials. However, the removal of chloride ions and conductivity
was incomplete. In the second step, a different membrane FMNP030 was used for
nanofiltration, which provided better-quality processed water (Gönder et al. 2011).
By use of different layer by layer techniques, composite hollow fiber
nanofiltration membrane can be prepared. A nanofiltration membrane is prepared
by a pressure-driven layer-by-layer assembly of polyethylenimine and polyacrylic
acid on a porous substrate. Multilayer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membrane was
studied to treat brilliant green, Victoria blue B, and 6 dyes and inorganic salts.
Dynamically deposited cross-linked nanofiltration membrane exhibited over 95%
rejection of MgCl 2 , in comparison to non-cross-linked, which showed a rejection
value of less than 70% (Chen et al. 2015). The removal of 1 from wastewater by a
positively charged nanofiltration membrane was reported. Novel membrane
PA6DT-C exhibited superior membrane flux compared to commercially available
membranes. Over 98% rejection of 1, and approximately three- to fourfold higher
membrane flux was reported (Cheng et al. 2012).
The nanofiltration membrane based on Yttria-stabilized zirconia with molecular
weight cut-off was employed for removal of organic dyes from water. After filtration, the permeate samples revealed to be almost colorless. At elevated temperature
such as 60
C, the permeate flux was high with a superior dye recovery (Abdi et al.
2017). Nanofiltration of hazardous dye 6 was carried out using polypiperazine amide
nanofiltration membranes. The investigation concluded that 100% removal of dye
was achieved at pH 9 with minimum flux decline at room temperature 25
C and
transmembrane pressure of 5 bar (Hairom et al. 2014).
Two types of nanofiltration membranes (negatively and positively charged) were
prepared to remove Sulfur Black B dye from effluents. The impact of various
operational factors was measured, and 92.3% dye rejection was reported with over
14.5 L/m
2 h flux (Han et al. 2009). Novel loose nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes were developed with a small pore size of about 1.0 nm. Novel membranes,
unlike other nanofiltration membranes, showed selectively higher rejection for dyes
and lower rejection for inorganic salts. Because of high selectivity, low fouling
tendency and greater recovery make such membranes ideal candidates for efficient
fractionation and wastewater treatment (Han et al. 2018).
Polyamide nanofiltration membranes having molecular weight cut-off of
200–400 Da and 150–300 Da, respectively, were used to remove Lanaset Blue 2R,
17 Methods for the Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Dyes and Pigments
617
with SiO 2 nanoparticles for good retention of the 7. SiO 2 nanoparticles were responsible for enhancing the structural properties of the membrane required for better
separation of the dye. Best results were achieved with 0.1% by wt. of SiO 2
nanoparticles, a superior flux rate, and a better rejection over 99% was observed for
organic solutions (Kebria et al. 2015). For handling biologically treated wastewater
from pulp and paper industry, a two-step nanofiltration process was developed. In the
first step, FM NP010 membrane was used and the impact of different working
environments such as pH, temperature, transmembrane pressure, and decrease in
volume retention factors on membrane fouling was studied. Transmembrane pressure
played a major role in membrane fouling. Although the permeate was colorless and
free from insoluble materials. However, the removal of chloride ions and conductivity
was incomplete. In the second step, a different membrane FMNP030 was used for
nanofiltration, which provided better-quality processed water (Gönder et al. 2011).
By use of different layer by layer techniques, composite hollow fiber
nanofiltration membrane can be prepared. A nanofiltration membrane is prepared
by a pressure-driven layer-by-layer assembly of polyethylenimine and polyacrylic
acid on a porous substrate. Multilayer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membrane was
studied to treat brilliant green, Victoria blue B, and 6 dyes and inorganic salts.
Dynamically deposited cross-linked nanofiltration membrane exhibited over 95%
rejection of MgCl 2 , in comparison to non-cross-linked, which showed a rejection
value of less than 70% (Chen et al. 2015). The removal of 1 from wastewater by a
positively charged nanofiltration membrane was reported. Novel membrane
PA6DT-C exhibited superior membrane flux compared to commercially available
membranes. Over 98% rejection of 1, and approximately three- to fourfold higher
membrane flux was reported (Cheng et al. 2012).
The nanofiltration membrane based on Yttria-stabilized zirconia with molecular
weight cut-off was employed for removal of organic dyes from water. After filtration, the permeate samples revealed to be almost colorless. At elevated temperature
such as 60
C, the permeate flux was high with a superior dye recovery (Abdi et al.
2017). Nanofiltration of hazardous dye 6 was carried out using polypiperazine amide
nanofiltration membranes. The investigation concluded that 100% removal of dye
was achieved at pH 9 with minimum flux decline at room temperature 25
C and
transmembrane pressure of 5 bar (Hairom et al. 2014).
Two types of nanofiltration membranes (negatively and positively charged) were
prepared to remove Sulfur Black B dye from effluents. The impact of various
operational factors was measured, and 92.3% dye rejection was reported with over
14.5 L/m
2 h flux (Han et al. 2009). Novel loose nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes were developed with a small pore size of about 1.0 nm. Novel membranes,
unlike other nanofiltration membranes, showed selectively higher rejection for dyes
and lower rejection for inorganic salts. Because of high selectivity, low fouling
tendency and greater recovery make such membranes ideal candidates for efficient
fractionation and wastewater treatment (Han et al. 2018).
Polyamide nanofiltration membranes having molecular weight cut-off of
200–400 Da and 150–300 Da, respectively, were used to remove Lanaset Blue 2R,
17 Methods for the Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Dyes and Pigments
617