Another study revealed the potential usage of organoclay for the maximum
removal (99.6%) of 2 (60 mg L
À1 ) from aqueous effluents at pH of 6 and room
temperature followed by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-secondorder kinetics (Arellano-Cárdenas et al. 2013). Another investigation confirmed the
successful removal of basic red 46 by Moroccan crude clay where results complied
with Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with pseudo-second-order kinetics
(Karim et al. 2009). Similar investigations were carried out to adsorb methyl violet
by Moroccan natural clay except for the endothermic nature of the process (Rafati
et al. 2016). Montmorillonite clay also exhibited good adsorptive affinity for 1, and
astrazon red violet 3RN and data followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model
with pseudo-second-order kinetics, endothermic, and spontaneous nature.
Nano-clay was used as an adsorbent with further modification to enhance the
adsorptive uptake of naproxen from wastewater. Adsorption data fitted to all the
applied isotherm models except Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Temkin with
q max value of adsorbent as 1.1 mg g
À1 (Rafati et al. 2016).
Palygorskite clay demonstrated adsorption of basic red 2 from water with q max
value of 200 mg g
À1 following the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model (Taha et al.
2013). In a similar study, Iraqi palygorskite clay adsorbed the maximum amount
(99.0 mg g
À1 ) of 6 from water when studied using batch experiment and Langmuir
adsorption isotherm model (Taha et al. 2013). Surface modification of palygorskite
was carried out to enhance the adsorptive behavior against some reactive dyes. The
results complied with Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-secondorder kinetics (Kurniawan et al. 2012). Activated clay removed 8 from aqueous
solution following Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and Temkin isotherm
model. The kinetics study showed pseudo-second-order kinetics with spontaneous
and exothermic nature (Ma et al. 2013). N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone/itaconic acid/
organoclay nanocomposite hydrogels removed safranin T dye following Langmuir
adsorption isotherm model with pseudo-second-order kinetics (Çöle et al. 2013). A
polymeric clay composite presented adsorptive removal of bromophenol blue
according to Freundlich adsorption isotherm model with pseudo-first-order kinetics
(El-Zahhar et al. 2014).
Bentonite clay modified from cationic surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium
chloride) was used to remove 1, 7, and 9. pH 9 is found appropriate to achieve
maximum adsorption (83–99%). The adsorption of 2 onto organoclay was
performed in batch system. At pH 6 and room temperature, organoclay delivered
99.6% removal efficiency following Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with
pseudo-second-order kinetics (Arellano-Cárdenas et al. 2013). Modified
KSF-montmorillonite was used to remove remazol brilliant blue R from aqueous
solution following Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-second-order
kinetics with spontaneous and exothermic thermodynamics (Silva et al. 2012).
Another study about the adsorptive behavior of clay, activated clay, and modified
clay for the removal of Reactive Blue 21 was carried out with a batch experiment.
Adsorption data was fitted well to Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Halsey
adsorption isotherms models with pseudo-second-order kinetics (Vanaamudan
et al. 2014; Xue et al. 2010).
17 Methods for the Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Dyes and Pigments
613
removal (99.6%) of 2 (60 mg L
À1 ) from aqueous effluents at pH of 6 and room
temperature followed by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-secondorder kinetics (Arellano-Cárdenas et al. 2013). Another investigation confirmed the
successful removal of basic red 46 by Moroccan crude clay where results complied
with Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with pseudo-second-order kinetics
(Karim et al. 2009). Similar investigations were carried out to adsorb methyl violet
by Moroccan natural clay except for the endothermic nature of the process (Rafati
et al. 2016). Montmorillonite clay also exhibited good adsorptive affinity for 1, and
astrazon red violet 3RN and data followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm model
with pseudo-second-order kinetics, endothermic, and spontaneous nature.
Nano-clay was used as an adsorbent with further modification to enhance the
adsorptive uptake of naproxen from wastewater. Adsorption data fitted to all the
applied isotherm models except Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Temkin with
q max value of adsorbent as 1.1 mg g
À1 (Rafati et al. 2016).
Palygorskite clay demonstrated adsorption of basic red 2 from water with q max
value of 200 mg g
À1 following the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model (Taha et al.
2013). In a similar study, Iraqi palygorskite clay adsorbed the maximum amount
(99.0 mg g
À1 ) of 6 from water when studied using batch experiment and Langmuir
adsorption isotherm model (Taha et al. 2013). Surface modification of palygorskite
was carried out to enhance the adsorptive behavior against some reactive dyes. The
results complied with Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-secondorder kinetics (Kurniawan et al. 2012). Activated clay removed 8 from aqueous
solution following Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and Temkin isotherm
model. The kinetics study showed pseudo-second-order kinetics with spontaneous
and exothermic nature (Ma et al. 2013). N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone/itaconic acid/
organoclay nanocomposite hydrogels removed safranin T dye following Langmuir
adsorption isotherm model with pseudo-second-order kinetics (Çöle et al. 2013). A
polymeric clay composite presented adsorptive removal of bromophenol blue
according to Freundlich adsorption isotherm model with pseudo-first-order kinetics
(El-Zahhar et al. 2014).
Bentonite clay modified from cationic surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium
chloride) was used to remove 1, 7, and 9. pH 9 is found appropriate to achieve
maximum adsorption (83–99%). The adsorption of 2 onto organoclay was
performed in batch system. At pH 6 and room temperature, organoclay delivered
99.6% removal efficiency following Langmuir adsorption isotherm model with
pseudo-second-order kinetics (Arellano-Cárdenas et al. 2013). Modified
KSF-montmorillonite was used to remove remazol brilliant blue R from aqueous
solution following Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and pseudo-second-order
kinetics with spontaneous and exothermic thermodynamics (Silva et al. 2012).
Another study about the adsorptive behavior of clay, activated clay, and modified
clay for the removal of Reactive Blue 21 was carried out with a batch experiment.
Adsorption data was fitted well to Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, and Halsey
adsorption isotherms models with pseudo-second-order kinetics (Vanaamudan
et al. 2014; Xue et al. 2010).
17 Methods for the Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Dyes and Pigments
613