Chapter 17
Methods for the Treatment of Wastewaters
Containing Dyes and Pigments
Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zeeshan Abid, Munazza Shahid, Zia Ur Rehman,
Gulzar Muhammad, Muhammad Altaf, and Muhammad Arshad Raza
Contents
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
17.2 Physical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
17.2.1 Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
17.2.2 Nanofiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
17.2.3 Coagulation-Flocculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
17.2.4 Ion Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
17.3 Chemical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
17.3.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
17.3.2 Photocatalytic Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
17.3.3 Electrochemical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
17.4 Biological Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
17.4.1 Dye Removal via Bacterial Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
17.4.2 Dye Removal via Algae Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
17.4.3 Dye Removal via Fungi Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
17.5 Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Abstract Dyes and pigments are complex organic molecules that are widely utilized in different industries leading to effluent discharge, thus polluting water and
disturbing the aquatic life. A wide range of physicochemical and biological methods
have been introduced for the dye remediation. Constant research developments over
the last decade resulted in the evolution of traditional physiochemical methods into
advanced oxidation processes. Likewise, biological treatments have also advanced
from using microorganisms to biocatalysts and integrated biochemical approaches
for dye remediation.
R. S. Ashraf (*) · Z. Abid · Z. U. Rehman · G. Muhammad (*) · M. Altaf (*) · M. A. Raza
Department of Chemistry, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
e-mail: rajashahid@gcu.edu.pk; muhammad.altaf@gcu.edu.pk; mgulzar@gcu.edu.pk
M. Shahid
Department of Chemistry (SSC), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Organic Pollutants,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 54,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52395-4_17
597
Methods for the Treatment of Wastewaters
Containing Dyes and Pigments
Raja Shahid Ashraf, Zeeshan Abid, Munazza Shahid, Zia Ur Rehman,
Gulzar Muhammad, Muhammad Altaf, and Muhammad Arshad Raza
Contents
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
17.2 Physical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
17.2.1 Adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
17.2.2 Nanofiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
17.2.3 Coagulation-Flocculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
17.2.4 Ion Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
17.3 Chemical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
17.3.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
17.3.2 Photocatalytic Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
17.3.3 Electrochemical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
17.4 Biological Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
17.4.1 Dye Removal via Bacterial Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
17.4.2 Dye Removal via Algae Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
17.4.3 Dye Removal via Fungi Strains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
17.5 Conclusions and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Abstract Dyes and pigments are complex organic molecules that are widely utilized in different industries leading to effluent discharge, thus polluting water and
disturbing the aquatic life. A wide range of physicochemical and biological methods
have been introduced for the dye remediation. Constant research developments over
the last decade resulted in the evolution of traditional physiochemical methods into
advanced oxidation processes. Likewise, biological treatments have also advanced
from using microorganisms to biocatalysts and integrated biochemical approaches
for dye remediation.
R. S. Ashraf (*) · Z. Abid · Z. U. Rehman · G. Muhammad (*) · M. Altaf (*) · M. A. Raza
Department of Chemistry, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
e-mail: rajashahid@gcu.edu.pk; muhammad.altaf@gcu.edu.pk; mgulzar@gcu.edu.pk
M. Shahid
Department of Chemistry (SSC), University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Organic Pollutants,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 54,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52395-4_17
597