quantification were 0.006–0.178 μg/L, with the relative standard deviations less than
20%. Fifteen phthalates in drinking water were separated on a phenyl column. The
mobile phase was methanol–water, and electrospray ionization in multiple reaction
monitoring mode was applied. The detection limits of the method were 0.7–632 ng/
L, and the recoveries were between 81.3% and 109% (Zhang et al. 2014). LópezJiménez et al. (2005) used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with
tandem mass spectrometry to detect di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, and dinbutyl phthalate in waste water. The detection limits were 0.07–0.1 μg/L,
with the relative standard deviations of 2–5%.
15.3.3 Other Methods
Based on the principle of chromatographic separation, capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography can achieve efficient and rapid analysis with less solvent
consumption. Sun et al. (2014) used capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography to detect three phthalates in environmental water samples with the limits of
detection of 2.07–4.06 ng/mL.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has the characteristics of no sample
pretreatment, simplicity, rapidity, and high specificity. Zhou et al. (2017b) synthesized the hapten 4-amino-dibutyl phthalate of dinbutyl phthalate and prepared the
polyclonal antibody against dinbutyl phthalate by immunizing New Zealand white
rabbits with the corresponding immunogen. The hapten 4-amino phthalate diethyl
ester of diethyl phthalate was synthesized, and the monoclonal antibody of diethyl
phthalate was achieved after immunizing Balb/C mice with the corresponding
immunogen. The indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for
dinbutyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate was established and applied to the analysis
of dinbutyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate in water and sediment samples.
In addition, sensor detection holds the characteristics of rapid, high sensitivity,
and high selectivity, and it has also been used in phthalate analysis. Zhou et al.
(2017a) synthesized a fluorescent molecularly imprinted sensor for the determination
of dinbutyl phthalate in tap water. The recovery rate was 97.8%, and the limits of
detection were 0.04 μmol/L. Table 15.2 presents the analytical methods for
phthalates in water samples.
15.4 The Pollution Preventive Measures
Owing to the presence of phthalates in many laboratory chemicals and glassware,
high background may occur for the analysis of phthalates in real samples. To avoid
any carryover of phthalates, all laboratory glassware was washed with concentrated
hydrochloric acid and then rinsed with deionized water and acetone, finally dried in
the laboratory oven at 100
C for 1 h (Ye et al. 2014). Some researchers used acetone
558
C. Sun et al.
20%. Fifteen phthalates in drinking water were separated on a phenyl column. The
mobile phase was methanol–water, and electrospray ionization in multiple reaction
monitoring mode was applied. The detection limits of the method were 0.7–632 ng/
L, and the recoveries were between 81.3% and 109% (Zhang et al. 2014). LópezJiménez et al. (2005) used ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with
tandem mass spectrometry to detect di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, benzyl butyl phthalate, and dinbutyl phthalate in waste water. The detection limits were 0.07–0.1 μg/L,
with the relative standard deviations of 2–5%.
15.3.3 Other Methods
Based on the principle of chromatographic separation, capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography can achieve efficient and rapid analysis with less solvent
consumption. Sun et al. (2014) used capillary micellar electrokinetic chromatography to detect three phthalates in environmental water samples with the limits of
detection of 2.07–4.06 ng/mL.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has the characteristics of no sample
pretreatment, simplicity, rapidity, and high specificity. Zhou et al. (2017b) synthesized the hapten 4-amino-dibutyl phthalate of dinbutyl phthalate and prepared the
polyclonal antibody against dinbutyl phthalate by immunizing New Zealand white
rabbits with the corresponding immunogen. The hapten 4-amino phthalate diethyl
ester of diethyl phthalate was synthesized, and the monoclonal antibody of diethyl
phthalate was achieved after immunizing Balb/C mice with the corresponding
immunogen. The indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for
dinbutyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate was established and applied to the analysis
of dinbutyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate in water and sediment samples.
In addition, sensor detection holds the characteristics of rapid, high sensitivity,
and high selectivity, and it has also been used in phthalate analysis. Zhou et al.
(2017a) synthesized a fluorescent molecularly imprinted sensor for the determination
of dinbutyl phthalate in tap water. The recovery rate was 97.8%, and the limits of
detection were 0.04 μmol/L. Table 15.2 presents the analytical methods for
phthalates in water samples.
15.4 The Pollution Preventive Measures
Owing to the presence of phthalates in many laboratory chemicals and glassware,
high background may occur for the analysis of phthalates in real samples. To avoid
any carryover of phthalates, all laboratory glassware was washed with concentrated
hydrochloric acid and then rinsed with deionized water and acetone, finally dried in
the laboratory oven at 100
C for 1 h (Ye et al. 2014). Some researchers used acetone
558
C. Sun et al.