Chapter 15
Analytical Methods for Phthalates in Water
Samples
Chengjun Sun , Rui Sun, Xin Wu, Shuo Yin, Yongxin Li, and Danni Yang
Contents
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
15.1.1 The Toxicity and the Physicochemical Properties of Phthalates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
15.1.2 The Contamination Level of Phthalates in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
15.2 The Sample Treatment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
15.2.1 Liquid–Liquid Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
15.2.2 Liquid–Liquid Microextraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
15.2.3 Solid-Phase Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
15.3 The Separation and Detection Methods for Phthalates in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
15.3.1 Gas Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
15.3.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
15.3.3 Other Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
15.4 The Pollution Preventive Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
15.5 Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Abstract Phthalates or phthalate esters, formed from phthalic acids and the alcohols
with 1–14 carbon atoms, are extensively used as additives in the production of
plastics and related products, such as packaging materials, toys, medical blood bags,
hoses, floors, wallpapers, detergents, lubricants, and personal care products. Without
C. Sun (*) · Y. Li
West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University,
Chengdu, China
Provincial Key Lab for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu,
China
e-mail: sunchj@scu.edu.cn
R. Sun · S. Yin · D. Yang
West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University,
Chengdu, China
X. Wu
Jiangxi Institute for Food Control, Nanchang, China
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Organic Pollutants,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 54,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52395-4_15
539
Analytical Methods for Phthalates in Water
Samples
Chengjun Sun , Rui Sun, Xin Wu, Shuo Yin, Yongxin Li, and Danni Yang
Contents
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
15.1.1 The Toxicity and the Physicochemical Properties of Phthalates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
15.1.2 The Contamination Level of Phthalates in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
15.2 The Sample Treatment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
15.2.1 Liquid–Liquid Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
15.2.2 Liquid–Liquid Microextraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
15.2.3 Solid-Phase Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
15.3 The Separation and Detection Methods for Phthalates in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
15.3.1 Gas Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
15.3.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
15.3.3 Other Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
15.4 The Pollution Preventive Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
15.5 Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Abstract Phthalates or phthalate esters, formed from phthalic acids and the alcohols
with 1–14 carbon atoms, are extensively used as additives in the production of
plastics and related products, such as packaging materials, toys, medical blood bags,
hoses, floors, wallpapers, detergents, lubricants, and personal care products. Without
C. Sun (*) · Y. Li
West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University,
Chengdu, China
Provincial Key Lab for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Sichuan, Chengdu,
China
e-mail: sunchj@scu.edu.cn
R. Sun · S. Yin · D. Yang
West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University,
Chengdu, China
X. Wu
Jiangxi Institute for Food Control, Nanchang, China
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Inamuddin et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Remediation: Organic Pollutants,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 54,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52395-4_15
539