varying from 2.08 to 16.67 mAcm
À2 , respectively, was achieved at 6 min of
electrolysis. The electrooxidation process was used for the degradation of paracetamol using graphite electrode. The study shows 90% degradation of paracetamol at
pH 4, having 20 mg L
À1 paracetamol concentration at a constant current density of
5.1 mA/cm
2 with 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 as supporting electrolyte. A mechanism based on
hydroxyl free radical has been proposed in the study for the degradation of paracetamol as shown in Fig. 13.2 (Periyasamy and Muthuchamy 2018).
Boron-doped diamond electrode was used for the electrooxidation of activated
sludge. Organic pollutants, such as bisphenol A, triclosan, and nonylphenols, were
reported to be partially oxidized. Partial degradation of selected pollutants was
obtained with efficiencies of 51% for bispenol A, 69% for nonylphenols, and 62%
for triclosan (Barrios et al. 2016). The current densities applied to reduce emerging
pollutants in industrial sludge ranged from 20 to 40 mA cm
À2 and a treatment time of
60 min was applied.
13.4.5 Bioremediation
Most of the synthetic organic dyes are chemically stable and cannot be degraded
easily by using biological process. Most of the studies report that the microorganisms were isolated from the soil and studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
in the laboratories for their degradation properties. Bacillus sp. YZU1 isolated from
the soil around a textile factory was studied for of various reactive textile dyes,
including azo dye. Bacillus sp. YZU1 shows approximately 95% decolorization of
reactive black 5 in 120 hours under static condition at pH 7.0 and 40 C (Wang et al.
2013). Pajot et al. (2011) reported the degradation and also the accumulation of
several textile dyes by the yeast Trichosporon akiyoshidainum (Pajot et al. 2011).
Awasthi et al. reported the degradation of α and β isomers of endosulfan by two
Bacillus strains. The study showed a degradation of 92.0% of α-endosulfan and
86.0% of β-endosulfan at the end of the incubation period (Awasthi et al. 2003). On
the other hand, Abraham and Silambarasan reported that a defied bacterial consortium and a defied fungal consortium completely degrades the pesticide endosulfan in
an aqueous phase as well as in soil amended with different nutrients, being the fungal
consortium faster than the bacterial consortium (Abraham and Silambarasan 2014).
Streptomyces M7 produced dechlorinase enzyme which degraded lindane into
γ-pentachlorocyclohexene and 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-1,4 cyclohexadiene (Cuozzo
et al. 2009).
13 Remediation of Organic Pollutants in Water
511
À2 , respectively, was achieved at 6 min of
electrolysis. The electrooxidation process was used for the degradation of paracetamol using graphite electrode. The study shows 90% degradation of paracetamol at
pH 4, having 20 mg L
À1 paracetamol concentration at a constant current density of
5.1 mA/cm
2 with 0.1 M Na 2 SO 4 as supporting electrolyte. A mechanism based on
hydroxyl free radical has been proposed in the study for the degradation of paracetamol as shown in Fig. 13.2 (Periyasamy and Muthuchamy 2018).
Boron-doped diamond electrode was used for the electrooxidation of activated
sludge. Organic pollutants, such as bisphenol A, triclosan, and nonylphenols, were
reported to be partially oxidized. Partial degradation of selected pollutants was
obtained with efficiencies of 51% for bispenol A, 69% for nonylphenols, and 62%
for triclosan (Barrios et al. 2016). The current densities applied to reduce emerging
pollutants in industrial sludge ranged from 20 to 40 mA cm
À2 and a treatment time of
60 min was applied.
13.4.5 Bioremediation
Most of the synthetic organic dyes are chemically stable and cannot be degraded
easily by using biological process. Most of the studies report that the microorganisms were isolated from the soil and studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
in the laboratories for their degradation properties. Bacillus sp. YZU1 isolated from
the soil around a textile factory was studied for of various reactive textile dyes,
including azo dye. Bacillus sp. YZU1 shows approximately 95% decolorization of
reactive black 5 in 120 hours under static condition at pH 7.0 and 40 C (Wang et al.
2013). Pajot et al. (2011) reported the degradation and also the accumulation of
several textile dyes by the yeast Trichosporon akiyoshidainum (Pajot et al. 2011).
Awasthi et al. reported the degradation of α and β isomers of endosulfan by two
Bacillus strains. The study showed a degradation of 92.0% of α-endosulfan and
86.0% of β-endosulfan at the end of the incubation period (Awasthi et al. 2003). On
the other hand, Abraham and Silambarasan reported that a defied bacterial consortium and a defied fungal consortium completely degrades the pesticide endosulfan in
an aqueous phase as well as in soil amended with different nutrients, being the fungal
consortium faster than the bacterial consortium (Abraham and Silambarasan 2014).
Streptomyces M7 produced dechlorinase enzyme which degraded lindane into
γ-pentachlorocyclohexene and 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-1,4 cyclohexadiene (Cuozzo
et al. 2009).
13 Remediation of Organic Pollutants in Water
511