favored. These trends are attributed to the enhanced kinetic energy of contaminants
molecule that increases the overall collisions and hence electron transfer. Thus the
development of reactive charge carriers increases, which fasten up the overall
process (Shahrezaei et al. 2012). However, further rise in heat can lower the reaction
rate because of the evaporation of water; since the volume of the medium decreases,
concentration of pollutant increases. Certain reports also suggest that the temperature
has negligible effect upon the degradation mechanism as the activation of photons
occurs between the temperature 20 and 80
C (Diya’Uddeen et al. 2011). All in all
normal conditions of reaction variables are most satisfactory in degradation.
5.7.6 Light Intensity
At a particular range of wavelength, light intensity can predict the amount of light
absorbed by the functionalized material. Light intensity plays an important role in
the excitation of electrons. Inadequate amount of light source surely cannot generate
large number of photo-electrons and photo-holes. Intense beam of light can generate
enough amounts of electrons and holes that could enhance the pace of the experiment. Guozheng et al. (2010) realized that for a carbon fiber-activated titanium
dioxide upon increasing the light intensity of ultraviolet source from ~0.9 to
~3.0 W/L, overall deprivation percentage of an organic pollutant increases. However, further rise in intensity had no noteworthy impact on degradation. Generally,
this happens for the reason that at low intensity collision, the amount of overall
reactive species is low, while at higher intensity, these can be generated in sufficient
amount. Thus there are more chances that the mobile charge carriers could penetrate
the surface of nanomaterial to eradicate and release the energy via emission that can
enhance the removal rate and lower the combination of charge carriers
(Diya’Uddeen et al. 2011).
5.8 Synergistic Effect
Synergistic effect arises when a common effect exists between two or more components of a material resulting into higher overall activity. In nanocatalysis, synergistic
effect has been found to create more active agent having interaction between its
catalyst and a co-catalyst (Ding 2008; Singh and Xu 2013). The close contact
between constituents of a catalyst changes the surface energy, semiconducting
properties, and electronic structure (Chen et al. 2016). Coupling of titanium dioxide
with two or more materials has been observed to gain synergism than single dopant
owing to suitably matched constituents effecting charge carrier transfer and lowering
the recombination of charge carriers. Moreover, enhanced activities help in shifting
the light absorption toward visible region of light (Qui et al. 2018). Better findings
with the carbon or chromium-titanium dioxide-incorporated material than titanium
158
Rachna et al.
molecule that increases the overall collisions and hence electron transfer. Thus the
development of reactive charge carriers increases, which fasten up the overall
process (Shahrezaei et al. 2012). However, further rise in heat can lower the reaction
rate because of the evaporation of water; since the volume of the medium decreases,
concentration of pollutant increases. Certain reports also suggest that the temperature
has negligible effect upon the degradation mechanism as the activation of photons
occurs between the temperature 20 and 80
C (Diya’Uddeen et al. 2011). All in all
normal conditions of reaction variables are most satisfactory in degradation.
5.7.6 Light Intensity
At a particular range of wavelength, light intensity can predict the amount of light
absorbed by the functionalized material. Light intensity plays an important role in
the excitation of electrons. Inadequate amount of light source surely cannot generate
large number of photo-electrons and photo-holes. Intense beam of light can generate
enough amounts of electrons and holes that could enhance the pace of the experiment. Guozheng et al. (2010) realized that for a carbon fiber-activated titanium
dioxide upon increasing the light intensity of ultraviolet source from ~0.9 to
~3.0 W/L, overall deprivation percentage of an organic pollutant increases. However, further rise in intensity had no noteworthy impact on degradation. Generally,
this happens for the reason that at low intensity collision, the amount of overall
reactive species is low, while at higher intensity, these can be generated in sufficient
amount. Thus there are more chances that the mobile charge carriers could penetrate
the surface of nanomaterial to eradicate and release the energy via emission that can
enhance the removal rate and lower the combination of charge carriers
(Diya’Uddeen et al. 2011).
5.8 Synergistic Effect
Synergistic effect arises when a common effect exists between two or more components of a material resulting into higher overall activity. In nanocatalysis, synergistic
effect has been found to create more active agent having interaction between its
catalyst and a co-catalyst (Ding 2008; Singh and Xu 2013). The close contact
between constituents of a catalyst changes the surface energy, semiconducting
properties, and electronic structure (Chen et al. 2016). Coupling of titanium dioxide
with two or more materials has been observed to gain synergism than single dopant
owing to suitably matched constituents effecting charge carrier transfer and lowering
the recombination of charge carriers. Moreover, enhanced activities help in shifting
the light absorption toward visible region of light (Qui et al. 2018). Better findings
with the carbon or chromium-titanium dioxide-incorporated material than titanium
158
Rachna et al.