170
T. Chandran et al.
years releases lesser monomer compared to a relatively newer restoration. Compared
to the conventional RBCs, the CADCAM milled RBCs are highly polymerized and
consequently released lesser monomer [31].
Study by Bellinger et al. [5] showed worse psychosocial behavior among children who had done dental restorations with composites than with the mercuryladen amalgam. They conducted a randomized trial among children of age group
6–10 years. Their directional hypothesis of the usage of dental amalgam in psychosocial problems was not confirmed, however, the study has shown a reflection of the
harmful effects of resin-based composites as they had shown detrimental effects to
the children behavior compared to amalgam group. This is in confirmation with the
toxicity of resin monomers [48]. They showed the importance of concentrating more
into the dental-based composites used as replacement of amalgam for restoration.
Martin et al. [37] studied the possible association of dental sealants and Urinary
BPA levels in children. The number of occlusal-surface sealants observed in children
of different age group were observed. Though statistically not significant, study
showed higher BPA concentration with more number of sealants. However, the study
had the limitation of not collecting the data regarding the dental material and its
composition which is very much important in such a study. Different products have
different resin leaching properties depending on the manufacturers [52]. Dursun et al.
[16] has done a study to assess the BPA or its derivative present in the composite
resins marketed in Europe. The study showed out of the 160 composite resins studied
except 18 of them all the other had derivatives of BPA in them. Many manufacturers
(25.8%) seem to be reluctant in disclosing the exact composition of the products
which makes it difficult for the practitioner to choose the ideal one. The study pointed
out the importance of concentrating more into the alternatives for resin materials like
inorganic biomaterials, ceramic, and carbomers.
Bagher et al. [3] conducted a study among the restorative, peadiatric, and
orthodontic department members to assess the knowledge toward the exposure of
the BPA chemicals or derivatives. Most of the participants have not checked the
BPA content (99.1%) of the dental materials used in restoration practices so far and
very few have knowledge about the development in the field (11%). Also only 9%
followed the recommended guidelines in dental practices to reduce exposure to BPA.
Sasaki et al. [47] tested salivary BPA concentrations after restoration treatment with
monomer-based composite resins. Results showed several tens to 100 ng/ml BPA in
the saliva after filling the cavities. However, they showed depending on the concentration of monomer used the BPA content can be significantly brought down to less
than 10 ng/l by proper gargling after the procedure. This particularly important in the
case of the vulnerable group like pregnant women and children after they undergo
the treatment.
Sasaki et al. [46] studied the cellular toxicity of auto polymerised acrylic resin
in comparison to the heat cured resin. Cytotoxicity was shown to be higher in the
auto polymerised acrylic resin compared to the heat cured resin. Cytotoxicity level
however was not significantly different after a period of one week though it had a
higher effect in the first 24 h. They stated the importance of immersing the denture
materials in water during the first 24 h before administering it to the patient.
T. Chandran et al.
years releases lesser monomer compared to a relatively newer restoration. Compared
to the conventional RBCs, the CADCAM milled RBCs are highly polymerized and
consequently released lesser monomer [31].
Study by Bellinger et al. [5] showed worse psychosocial behavior among children who had done dental restorations with composites than with the mercuryladen amalgam. They conducted a randomized trial among children of age group
6–10 years. Their directional hypothesis of the usage of dental amalgam in psychosocial problems was not confirmed, however, the study has shown a reflection of the
harmful effects of resin-based composites as they had shown detrimental effects to
the children behavior compared to amalgam group. This is in confirmation with the
toxicity of resin monomers [48]. They showed the importance of concentrating more
into the dental-based composites used as replacement of amalgam for restoration.
Martin et al. [37] studied the possible association of dental sealants and Urinary
BPA levels in children. The number of occlusal-surface sealants observed in children
of different age group were observed. Though statistically not significant, study
showed higher BPA concentration with more number of sealants. However, the study
had the limitation of not collecting the data regarding the dental material and its
composition which is very much important in such a study. Different products have
different resin leaching properties depending on the manufacturers [52]. Dursun et al.
[16] has done a study to assess the BPA or its derivative present in the composite
resins marketed in Europe. The study showed out of the 160 composite resins studied
except 18 of them all the other had derivatives of BPA in them. Many manufacturers
(25.8%) seem to be reluctant in disclosing the exact composition of the products
which makes it difficult for the practitioner to choose the ideal one. The study pointed
out the importance of concentrating more into the alternatives for resin materials like
inorganic biomaterials, ceramic, and carbomers.
Bagher et al. [3] conducted a study among the restorative, peadiatric, and
orthodontic department members to assess the knowledge toward the exposure of
the BPA chemicals or derivatives. Most of the participants have not checked the
BPA content (99.1%) of the dental materials used in restoration practices so far and
very few have knowledge about the development in the field (11%). Also only 9%
followed the recommended guidelines in dental practices to reduce exposure to BPA.
Sasaki et al. [47] tested salivary BPA concentrations after restoration treatment with
monomer-based composite resins. Results showed several tens to 100 ng/ml BPA in
the saliva after filling the cavities. However, they showed depending on the concentration of monomer used the BPA content can be significantly brought down to less
than 10 ng/l by proper gargling after the procedure. This particularly important in the
case of the vulnerable group like pregnant women and children after they undergo
the treatment.
Sasaki et al. [46] studied the cellular toxicity of auto polymerised acrylic resin
in comparison to the heat cured resin. Cytotoxicity was shown to be higher in the
auto polymerised acrylic resin compared to the heat cured resin. Cytotoxicity level
however was not significantly different after a period of one week though it had a
higher effect in the first 24 h. They stated the importance of immersing the denture
materials in water during the first 24 h before administering it to the patient.