Domestic Laundry and Microfiber Shedding of Synthetic Textiles
149
Table 1 Research works on different types of washing machine and microfiber shedding
S. no
Type of washing
machine
Impact of washing
machine
Quantity or
percentage of
microfiber
shedding/wash
References
1.
Gyrowash
Not discussed
210–72,000
Microfiber/g textile
per wash
Cai et al. [41]
2.
Traditional top-load
and High-efficiency
top-load
High-efficiency
top-load sheds less
Fleece 69.7% and
t-shirt 37.4%
reduction in a
high-efficiency
machine
Lant et al. [34]
3.
Top-load,
mini-washing
machine
Not discussed
Minimum of
49.8 mg to a
maximum of
307.8 mg of release
Cesa et al. [31]
4.
Platen and pulsator
laundry machine
Pulsator machined
showed higher
shedding
Increased shedding
in (17.6%) in
pulsator machine
than the platen
Yang et al. [32]
5.
Top-loading,
commercial,
heavy-duty washer
Not discussed
0.1–1 mg/g fabric)
Zambrano et al.
[33]
6.
Bosch washing
machine
Not discussed
124–308 mg for kg
of fabric (from
640,000 to
1,500,000)
De Falco et al.
[24]
7.
Tergotometer, and
front-loading
washing machines
Delegate washing
sheds more fiber
800,000 microfibers
in the first wash
Kelly et al. [35]
8.
Linitest apparatus
Shedding increases
with the number of
steel balls
6,000,000 fibers per
5 kg of polyester
load
Hernandez et al.
[30]
9.
Gyrowash
Not discussed
Fleece −7360
fibersm −2 L −1 and
polyester fabrics
which shed 87
fibersm −2 L −1
Almroth et al.
[13]
10.
Washtex-P Roaches
laboratory washing
machine
Not discussed
0.1 mg microfiber/g
of textile
Hernandez et al.
[30]
11.
Gyrowash
Not discussed
Fleece and
microfleece released
more fibers
Astrom [28]
12.
Front-load washing
machine
Not discussed
210,000 fibers/wash Sillanpää and
Sainio [42]
(continued)
149
Table 1 Research works on different types of washing machine and microfiber shedding
S. no
Type of washing
machine
Impact of washing
machine
Quantity or
percentage of
microfiber
shedding/wash
References
1.
Gyrowash
Not discussed
210–72,000
Microfiber/g textile
per wash
Cai et al. [41]
2.
Traditional top-load
and High-efficiency
top-load
High-efficiency
top-load sheds less
Fleece 69.7% and
t-shirt 37.4%
reduction in a
high-efficiency
machine
Lant et al. [34]
3.
Top-load,
mini-washing
machine
Not discussed
Minimum of
49.8 mg to a
maximum of
307.8 mg of release
Cesa et al. [31]
4.
Platen and pulsator
laundry machine
Pulsator machined
showed higher
shedding
Increased shedding
in (17.6%) in
pulsator machine
than the platen
Yang et al. [32]
5.
Top-loading,
commercial,
heavy-duty washer
Not discussed
0.1–1 mg/g fabric)
Zambrano et al.
[33]
6.
Bosch washing
machine
Not discussed
124–308 mg for kg
of fabric (from
640,000 to
1,500,000)
De Falco et al.
[24]
7.
Tergotometer, and
front-loading
washing machines
Delegate washing
sheds more fiber
800,000 microfibers
in the first wash
Kelly et al. [35]
8.
Linitest apparatus
Shedding increases
with the number of
steel balls
6,000,000 fibers per
5 kg of polyester
load
Hernandez et al.
[30]
9.
Gyrowash
Not discussed
Fleece −7360
fibersm −2 L −1 and
polyester fabrics
which shed 87
fibersm −2 L −1
Almroth et al.
[13]
10.
Washtex-P Roaches
laboratory washing
machine
Not discussed
0.1 mg microfiber/g
of textile
Hernandez et al.
[30]
11.
Gyrowash
Not discussed
Fleece and
microfleece released
more fibers
Astrom [28]
12.
Front-load washing
machine
Not discussed
210,000 fibers/wash Sillanpää and
Sainio [42]
(continued)