96
T. A. Aragaw and B. A. Mekonnen
phytoplankton. The associated triclosan (TCS) contaminant has shown growth inhibition, oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA)
microalgae Skeletonema costatumSkeletonema costatum. In addition single MPs also
had noticeable inhibition effect in order of PVC800 > PVC > PS > PE. However,
the combined toxicity effects of PVC and PVC800 in a mixture with TCS reduced
over that of PE and PS due to the stronger adsorption ability of TCS on PVC and
PVC800. Due to the minimum particle size of PVC800, the joint toxicity of PVC800
was still recorded as the highest toxic as compared to other polymers. Moreover, the
higher reduction of SOD than MDA indicated that the physical impairment was more
severely pronounced than intracellular damage [101]. Similarly, the toxicity of the
pharmaceutical pollutants such as procainamide and doxycycline with assortments
of MP with 1–5 μm diameter were examined on the microalga Tetraselmis chuii. For
demonstration, a bioassay was exposed for 96 h to each pharmaceutical pollutants,
MPs, and mixture of MP-pharmaceuticals. The toxicity of MPs and pharmaceuticals
alone significantly reduced the growth rate and chlorophyll-a concentration. Moreover, toxicological mixture interaction of microplastics-pharmaceutical amplified
the adverse toxic effect on T. chuii [102]. Comparatively, Batel et al. [103] explore
the transference of MPs particles and concomitant POPs among different trophic
levels through foodwebs with Artemia sp. nauplii, and zebrafish (Danio rerio). As
of benzo[a]pyrene tracking fluorescence analyses, polymer particles in brine shrimp
(Artemia sp.) nauplii were subsequently transferred with POPs to zebrafish via ingestion of exposed nauplii. Thus, food-borne MP-associated POPs can be desorbed in
the intestine of fish which in turn transferred to the intestinal epithelium and liver.
Yet, virgin particles without POPs load didn’t cause visible physical detriment in the
intestinal tracts of zebrafish. This implies MPs functioned as a vector facilitating the
transfer of other contaminants to higher trophic levels in the food chain [103].
In addition, the joint toxicity of MP and
14 C-phenanthrene to Daphnia magna
was examined for acute and long-term effects using 50 nm–10 μm nano plastic
particles The common toxicity of 50-nm nano plastic particles and phenanthrene to
D. magna exhibited an additive effect. In addition, 50-nm nanoparticles plastic indicated a significant dose-dependent effect. Furthermore, the incidence of nanoparticle
plastic considerably boosted the bioaccumulation of phenanthrene-derived remains
in the daphnid body and hindered the dissipation and alteration of phenanthrene in
the medium. However, 10-μm MPs did not show major effects on the bioaccumulation, dissipation, and conversion of phenanthrene. The differences in toxicity effects
between NPs sizes could be credited to greater adsorption of phenanthrene on 50-nm
nano plastic particles than 10-μm MPs. In general, the findings pointed out that nano
plastic particles are strong adsorbents for hydrophobic toxic pollutants and have a
potential risk to aquatic ecology [104].
Additionally, plastic fragments are associated with numerous chemical contaminants identified to disturb the glands of aquatic organisms. The chronic exposure
to no-plastic, virgin-plastic, and associated chemicals conducted using Japanese
medaka (Oryzias latipes) in two monthly dietaries. The exposure to MPs (<1 mm)
and supplementary chemicals raise endocrine disorder effects in fish. For example,
T. A. Aragaw and B. A. Mekonnen
phytoplankton. The associated triclosan (TCS) contaminant has shown growth inhibition, oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA)
microalgae Skeletonema costatumSkeletonema costatum. In addition single MPs also
had noticeable inhibition effect in order of PVC800 > PVC > PS > PE. However,
the combined toxicity effects of PVC and PVC800 in a mixture with TCS reduced
over that of PE and PS due to the stronger adsorption ability of TCS on PVC and
PVC800. Due to the minimum particle size of PVC800, the joint toxicity of PVC800
was still recorded as the highest toxic as compared to other polymers. Moreover, the
higher reduction of SOD than MDA indicated that the physical impairment was more
severely pronounced than intracellular damage [101]. Similarly, the toxicity of the
pharmaceutical pollutants such as procainamide and doxycycline with assortments
of MP with 1–5 μm diameter were examined on the microalga Tetraselmis chuii. For
demonstration, a bioassay was exposed for 96 h to each pharmaceutical pollutants,
MPs, and mixture of MP-pharmaceuticals. The toxicity of MPs and pharmaceuticals
alone significantly reduced the growth rate and chlorophyll-a concentration. Moreover, toxicological mixture interaction of microplastics-pharmaceutical amplified
the adverse toxic effect on T. chuii [102]. Comparatively, Batel et al. [103] explore
the transference of MPs particles and concomitant POPs among different trophic
levels through foodwebs with Artemia sp. nauplii, and zebrafish (Danio rerio). As
of benzo[a]pyrene tracking fluorescence analyses, polymer particles in brine shrimp
(Artemia sp.) nauplii were subsequently transferred with POPs to zebrafish via ingestion of exposed nauplii. Thus, food-borne MP-associated POPs can be desorbed in
the intestine of fish which in turn transferred to the intestinal epithelium and liver.
Yet, virgin particles without POPs load didn’t cause visible physical detriment in the
intestinal tracts of zebrafish. This implies MPs functioned as a vector facilitating the
transfer of other contaminants to higher trophic levels in the food chain [103].
In addition, the joint toxicity of MP and
14 C-phenanthrene to Daphnia magna
was examined for acute and long-term effects using 50 nm–10 μm nano plastic
particles The common toxicity of 50-nm nano plastic particles and phenanthrene to
D. magna exhibited an additive effect. In addition, 50-nm nanoparticles plastic indicated a significant dose-dependent effect. Furthermore, the incidence of nanoparticle
plastic considerably boosted the bioaccumulation of phenanthrene-derived remains
in the daphnid body and hindered the dissipation and alteration of phenanthrene in
the medium. However, 10-μm MPs did not show major effects on the bioaccumulation, dissipation, and conversion of phenanthrene. The differences in toxicity effects
between NPs sizes could be credited to greater adsorption of phenanthrene on 50-nm
nano plastic particles than 10-μm MPs. In general, the findings pointed out that nano
plastic particles are strong adsorbents for hydrophobic toxic pollutants and have a
potential risk to aquatic ecology [104].
Additionally, plastic fragments are associated with numerous chemical contaminants identified to disturb the glands of aquatic organisms. The chronic exposure
to no-plastic, virgin-plastic, and associated chemicals conducted using Japanese
medaka (Oryzias latipes) in two monthly dietaries. The exposure to MPs (<1 mm)
and supplementary chemicals raise endocrine disorder effects in fish. For example,