Chapter 13
Role of Coagulation/Flocculation
Technology for the Treatment of Dye
Wastewater: Trend and Future Aspects
Sonalika Sonal and Brijesh Kumar Mishra
13.1 Introduction
The word “coagulation” has been derived from the Latin word “coagulare” meaning
to drive together and is known to be a process of destabilization of colloidal
suspended particles along with some dissolved organic matters (Sawyer et al.
2003; Masters and Ela 2008). In the coagulation process, a coagulant is added
along with rapid mixing to destabilize the non-settleable particles and to initiate
their aggregation by neutralizing their electrostatic repulsive forces. Whereas flocculation is the process of aggregation of destabilized particles, through gentle
agitation that leads to the formation of larger particles called flocs (Amuda and
Amoo 2007; Fu and Wang 2011). The flocs formed as a result of the collision
between the destabilized particles are transported through the flocculation process
and get separated from liquid phase through settling or filtration (Masters and Ela
2008; Tchobanoglous et al. 2003). These two processes are generally encountered as
an intact process in primary treatment process and, thus, referred as the most
common treatment strategies used to remove colloidal particles and a portion of
dissolved organic matter, in a combination form of coagulation/flocculation (Holkar
et al. 2016; Patel and Vashi 2015; Renault et al. 2009).
Coagulation/flocculation is widely used primary treatment method in the wastewater treatment plant of the textile industry (Patel and Vashi 2015). Primary
treatment includes the process of settlement of floating and suspended solid particles,
present in the water, by either gravity or mechanical means. This system comprises
of a grit chamber having fine screens that separate the large-sized particle pollutant
and the sedimentation tank. The process of coagulation/flocculation occurs in a
S. Sonal · B. K. Mishra (*)
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian
School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
e-mail: brijesh@iitism.ac.in
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
A. Singh et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Management Practices,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8358-2_13
303
Role of Coagulation/Flocculation
Technology for the Treatment of Dye
Wastewater: Trend and Future Aspects
Sonalika Sonal and Brijesh Kumar Mishra
13.1 Introduction
The word “coagulation” has been derived from the Latin word “coagulare” meaning
to drive together and is known to be a process of destabilization of colloidal
suspended particles along with some dissolved organic matters (Sawyer et al.
2003; Masters and Ela 2008). In the coagulation process, a coagulant is added
along with rapid mixing to destabilize the non-settleable particles and to initiate
their aggregation by neutralizing their electrostatic repulsive forces. Whereas flocculation is the process of aggregation of destabilized particles, through gentle
agitation that leads to the formation of larger particles called flocs (Amuda and
Amoo 2007; Fu and Wang 2011). The flocs formed as a result of the collision
between the destabilized particles are transported through the flocculation process
and get separated from liquid phase through settling or filtration (Masters and Ela
2008; Tchobanoglous et al. 2003). These two processes are generally encountered as
an intact process in primary treatment process and, thus, referred as the most
common treatment strategies used to remove colloidal particles and a portion of
dissolved organic matter, in a combination form of coagulation/flocculation (Holkar
et al. 2016; Patel and Vashi 2015; Renault et al. 2009).
Coagulation/flocculation is widely used primary treatment method in the wastewater treatment plant of the textile industry (Patel and Vashi 2015). Primary
treatment includes the process of settlement of floating and suspended solid particles,
present in the water, by either gravity or mechanical means. This system comprises
of a grit chamber having fine screens that separate the large-sized particle pollutant
and the sedimentation tank. The process of coagulation/flocculation occurs in a
S. Sonal · B. K. Mishra (*)
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian
School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
e-mail: brijesh@iitism.ac.in
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
A. Singh et al. (eds.), Water Pollution and Management Practices,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8358-2_13
303