(Stoppel et al. 1995; Chen et al. 2009; Mengoni et al. 2010; Gallo et al. 2018) and
Klebsiella oxytoca (Mulrooney and Hausinger 2003; Freeman et al. 2005) can
uptake nickel from contaminated water systems. Several bacteria such as Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Thiobacillus
thiooxidans, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, Geobacillus themocatenulatus,
Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter sp., Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas sp.,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus
are resistant to Cu and can be used for Cu-contaminated water treatment (Nanda
et al. 2019).
Certain HMs from water can also be removed using electrocoagulation,
photocatalysts, clays/layered double hydroxides (LDHs), ion exchange, and activated carbons. However, their performance is dependent on several factors such as
pH and the presence of other ions in the treating water.
11.5 Conclusions
Occurrence of the toxic heavy metal(loid)s in water system is a threat to the public
health, aquatic living organism, and dependent ecosystems. The water systems can
be contaminated with the HMs due to geogenic processes, such as weathering of
HM-containing minerals, sorption/desorption processes, and ion exchange process,
and anthropogenic activities such as agricultural runoff, contaminated soil runoff,
atmospheric deposition, release of the poorly treated industrial effluents, etc. Such
contamination may cause several adverse effects to human health and other living
organisms. Therefore, sustainable remediation methods need to be adopted to
overcome the HM toxicity. Apart from adsorbent-based removal methods,
phytoremediation and microbe-assisted bioremediation techniques are also effective,
environment friendly, and economic. However, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, and electrochemical treatment methods can also be applied to treat the contaminated water up to a
certain level.
References
Abdel-Satar AM, Ali MH, Goher ME (2017) Indices of water quality and metal pollution of Nile
River, Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Res 43:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.12.006
Ağca N, Karanlık S, Ödemiş B (2014) Assessment of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and heavy
metal pollution in groundwater from Amik Plain, southern Turkey. Environ Monit Assess
186:5921–5934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3829-z
Ahemad M (2012) Implications of bacterial resistance against heavy metals in bioremediation: a
review. IIOAB J 3:39–46
Ahmad A, Bhattacharya P (2019) Arsenic in drinking water: is 10 μg/L a safe limit? Curr Pollut
Reports 5:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-019-0102-7
270
I. Mukherjee et al.
Klebsiella oxytoca (Mulrooney and Hausinger 2003; Freeman et al. 2005) can
uptake nickel from contaminated water systems. Several bacteria such as Bacillus
subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Thiobacillus
thiooxidans, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, Geobacillus themocatenulatus,
Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter sp., Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas sp.,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus
are resistant to Cu and can be used for Cu-contaminated water treatment (Nanda
et al. 2019).
Certain HMs from water can also be removed using electrocoagulation,
photocatalysts, clays/layered double hydroxides (LDHs), ion exchange, and activated carbons. However, their performance is dependent on several factors such as
pH and the presence of other ions in the treating water.
11.5 Conclusions
Occurrence of the toxic heavy metal(loid)s in water system is a threat to the public
health, aquatic living organism, and dependent ecosystems. The water systems can
be contaminated with the HMs due to geogenic processes, such as weathering of
HM-containing minerals, sorption/desorption processes, and ion exchange process,
and anthropogenic activities such as agricultural runoff, contaminated soil runoff,
atmospheric deposition, release of the poorly treated industrial effluents, etc. Such
contamination may cause several adverse effects to human health and other living
organisms. Therefore, sustainable remediation methods need to be adopted to
overcome the HM toxicity. Apart from adsorbent-based removal methods,
phytoremediation and microbe-assisted bioremediation techniques are also effective,
environment friendly, and economic. However, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, and electrochemical treatment methods can also be applied to treat the contaminated water up to a
certain level.
References
Abdel-Satar AM, Ali MH, Goher ME (2017) Indices of water quality and metal pollution of Nile
River, Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Res 43:21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.12.006
Ağca N, Karanlık S, Ödemiş B (2014) Assessment of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and heavy
metal pollution in groundwater from Amik Plain, southern Turkey. Environ Monit Assess
186:5921–5934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3829-z
Ahemad M (2012) Implications of bacterial resistance against heavy metals in bioremediation: a
review. IIOAB J 3:39–46
Ahmad A, Bhattacharya P (2019) Arsenic in drinking water: is 10 μg/L a safe limit? Curr Pollut
Reports 5:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-019-0102-7
270
I. Mukherjee et al.