wastewater irrigation should be monitored regularly with irrigation water standards
and applied cautiously, in accordance with optimal irrigation-fertilization policies, to
decrease leaching and combine with different methods, to decrease salinity and other
pollutants. Application of several strategies should be promoted to reduce the metal
level in wastewater in order to enhance its beneficial aspects. Among all, the use of
agricultural residues is found to be best for reducing the metal availability. With the
pretreatment, the adsorption efficiency of different adsorbent can be increased, so
future research in this field should be focused in order to find out the best way of
reducing the main culprit of wastewater, i.e., heavy metal.
Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to Head and Director of Institute of Environment
and Sustainable Development and to the Head, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of
Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, for providing necessary facilities. The research is also
supported by Science and Engineering Research Board (P07/678) Project. The Banaras Hindu
University is also thankfully acknowledged for providing financial assistant to Dr. A. Singh as PI
under IoE seed grant scheme (Dev. IoE Scheme No. 6031).
References
AATSE-(Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering) (2004) Water recycling
in Australia Study Director and Authors: Dr. John Radcliffe Victoria
Abbas ST, Sarfraz M, Mehdi SM et al (2007) Trace elements accumulation in soil and rice plants
irrigated with the contaminated water. Soil Tillage Res 94:503–509
Abdelhafez AA, Li J (2016) Removal of Pb (II) from aqueous solution by using biochars derived
from sugar cane bagasse and orange peel. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 61:367–375
Adrover M, Farrús E, Moyà G et al (2012) Chemical properties and biological activity in soils of
Mallorca following twenty years of treated wastewater irrigation. J Environ Manag 95:S188–
S192
Ahmad MSA, Ashraf M (2012) Essential roles and hazardous effects of nickel in plants. Rev
Environ Contam Toxicol. Springer, New York, pp 125–167
Ahmad S, Majhi PK, Kothari R et al (2020a) Industrial wastewater footprinting: a need for water
security in Indian context. In: Environment concerns and sustainable development. Springer,
Singapore, pp 197–212
Ahmad S, Pandey A, Pathak VV et al (2020b) Phycoremediation: algae as eco-friendly tools for the
removal of heavy metals from wastewaters. In: Bioremediation of industrial waste for environmental safety. Springer, Singapore, pp 53–76
Akhtar M, Iqbal S, Kausar A, Bhanger MI, Shaheen MA (2010) An economically viable method for
the removal of selected divalent metal ions from aqueous solutions using activated rice husk.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 75:149
Akhtar S, Ahmad S, Huifang W, Shahbaz A, Ghafoor A, Imran S, Zafar A (2018) An analysis of
wastewater irrigation practices and its impacts on the livelihood generation and food chain
contamination in Faisalabad District, Pakistan. ISABB J Health Environ Sci 5(4):33–42
Alalwan HA, Kadhom MA, Alminshid AH (2020) Removal of heavy metal from waste water using
agricultural by products. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 69:99–112
Alghobar MA, Suresha S (2015) Evaluation of nutrients and trace metals and their enrichment
factors in soil and sugarcane crop irrigated with wastewater. J Geosci Environ Protect 3(08):46
192
Monika et al.
and applied cautiously, in accordance with optimal irrigation-fertilization policies, to
decrease leaching and combine with different methods, to decrease salinity and other
pollutants. Application of several strategies should be promoted to reduce the metal
level in wastewater in order to enhance its beneficial aspects. Among all, the use of
agricultural residues is found to be best for reducing the metal availability. With the
pretreatment, the adsorption efficiency of different adsorbent can be increased, so
future research in this field should be focused in order to find out the best way of
reducing the main culprit of wastewater, i.e., heavy metal.
Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to Head and Director of Institute of Environment
and Sustainable Development and to the Head, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of
Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, for providing necessary facilities. The research is also
supported by Science and Engineering Research Board (P07/678) Project. The Banaras Hindu
University is also thankfully acknowledged for providing financial assistant to Dr. A. Singh as PI
under IoE seed grant scheme (Dev. IoE Scheme No. 6031).
References
AATSE-(Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering) (2004) Water recycling
in Australia Study Director and Authors: Dr. John Radcliffe Victoria
Abbas ST, Sarfraz M, Mehdi SM et al (2007) Trace elements accumulation in soil and rice plants
irrigated with the contaminated water. Soil Tillage Res 94:503–509
Abdelhafez AA, Li J (2016) Removal of Pb (II) from aqueous solution by using biochars derived
from sugar cane bagasse and orange peel. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 61:367–375
Adrover M, Farrús E, Moyà G et al (2012) Chemical properties and biological activity in soils of
Mallorca following twenty years of treated wastewater irrigation. J Environ Manag 95:S188–
S192
Ahmad MSA, Ashraf M (2012) Essential roles and hazardous effects of nickel in plants. Rev
Environ Contam Toxicol. Springer, New York, pp 125–167
Ahmad S, Majhi PK, Kothari R et al (2020a) Industrial wastewater footprinting: a need for water
security in Indian context. In: Environment concerns and sustainable development. Springer,
Singapore, pp 197–212
Ahmad S, Pandey A, Pathak VV et al (2020b) Phycoremediation: algae as eco-friendly tools for the
removal of heavy metals from wastewaters. In: Bioremediation of industrial waste for environmental safety. Springer, Singapore, pp 53–76
Akhtar M, Iqbal S, Kausar A, Bhanger MI, Shaheen MA (2010) An economically viable method for
the removal of selected divalent metal ions from aqueous solutions using activated rice husk.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 75:149
Akhtar S, Ahmad S, Huifang W, Shahbaz A, Ghafoor A, Imran S, Zafar A (2018) An analysis of
wastewater irrigation practices and its impacts on the livelihood generation and food chain
contamination in Faisalabad District, Pakistan. ISABB J Health Environ Sci 5(4):33–42
Alalwan HA, Kadhom MA, Alminshid AH (2020) Removal of heavy metal from waste water using
agricultural by products. J Water Supply Res Technol AQUA 69:99–112
Alghobar MA, Suresha S (2015) Evaluation of nutrients and trace metals and their enrichment
factors in soil and sugarcane crop irrigated with wastewater. J Geosci Environ Protect 3(08):46
192
Monika et al.