(2013) has used untreated beech sawdust to adsorb Cu(II) and Cr(III) from water
system. It adsorb about 30.22 mg.g
À1 and 41.86 mg.g
À1 of Cu(II) and Cr(III),
respectively. With some modification, Samarghandi et al. (2011) have used holly
sawdust to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. At pH 7, the maximum adsorption
capacity was found to be 22.47 mg.g
À1 . Sawdust obtained from Acacia
leucocephala has been applied to reduce the level of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) at
different pH, i.e., 6.0, 5.0, and 4.0. The adsorption capacity was found to be
147.1 mg.g
À1 , 167.7 mg.g
À1 , and 185.2 mg.g
À1 , at respective pH (Munagapati
et al. 2010). Kapur and Mondal (2013) used the sawdust from Mangifera indica to
remove Cr(VI) with the efficiency of 99.99% at pH 2.0. Larous et al. (2005) has
confirmed that untreated sawdust can also be used as adsorbent to remove the heavy
metals from wastewater. By converting into activated carbon, Hevea brasiliensis
sawdust is used to reduce the level of Cr from wastewater (Karthikeyan et al. 2005).
Nordine et al. (2016) have used sawdust obtained from pine, beech, and fir tree to
reduce the Pb content of metal-contaminated effluents. By analyzing through
Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, the adsorption capacity of maple sawdust was
reported to be 1.79 mg.g
À1 for Cu and 3.19 mg.g
À1 for Pb (Yu et al. 2001).
Several factors are responsible for adsorption capacity of sawdust and other
adsorbent such as time of contact, pH, concentration of adsorbent, initial metal
concentrations, adsorbate concentration, temperature, adsorbent particle size, etc.
(Park et al. 2010). To understand the principle and mechanism behind the adsorption, different models are done such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–
Radushkevich isotherm models, etc. (Shukla et al. 2002). They give ideas about
sorption capacity, sorption intensity, and energy adsorption. Pretreatment of sawdust
and other adsorbent can enhance their adsorption efficiency by increasing the
adsorption site amount and exchange properties that favor the metal removal.
Sawdusts of poplar, willow, fir, oak, and black locust wood have been applied for
the removal of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni from aqueous solutions; along with this, effects of
contact time, pH, and particle size have also been investigated. Cu was maximally
removed followed by Ni > Zn > Cd. The adsorption of metals increased with
decreasing the particle size of sawdust (Sciban and Kasnja 2004).
8.5.3 Use of Other Agricultural Residues
and Characterization Process
Other agricultural residues include sugarcane bagasse that is found to be one of the
most lucrative sorbents, especially available in tropical regions (Sarker et al. 2017).
It is produced as a by-product of the sugar and bioethanol mills in large quantities
and can significantly remove a wide range of heavy metal from contaminated system
(do Carmo Ramos et al. 2016). Fibrous residue of sugarcane bagasse contains
several functional groups that bind with the metals (Abdelhafez and Li 2016). Just
like sawdust and rice husk, the sorption efficiency of sugarcane bagasse is also
190
Monika et al.
system. It adsorb about 30.22 mg.g
À1 and 41.86 mg.g
À1 of Cu(II) and Cr(III),
respectively. With some modification, Samarghandi et al. (2011) have used holly
sawdust to remove Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. At pH 7, the maximum adsorption
capacity was found to be 22.47 mg.g
À1 . Sawdust obtained from Acacia
leucocephala has been applied to reduce the level of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) at
different pH, i.e., 6.0, 5.0, and 4.0. The adsorption capacity was found to be
147.1 mg.g
À1 , 167.7 mg.g
À1 , and 185.2 mg.g
À1 , at respective pH (Munagapati
et al. 2010). Kapur and Mondal (2013) used the sawdust from Mangifera indica to
remove Cr(VI) with the efficiency of 99.99% at pH 2.0. Larous et al. (2005) has
confirmed that untreated sawdust can also be used as adsorbent to remove the heavy
metals from wastewater. By converting into activated carbon, Hevea brasiliensis
sawdust is used to reduce the level of Cr from wastewater (Karthikeyan et al. 2005).
Nordine et al. (2016) have used sawdust obtained from pine, beech, and fir tree to
reduce the Pb content of metal-contaminated effluents. By analyzing through
Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms, the adsorption capacity of maple sawdust was
reported to be 1.79 mg.g
À1 for Cu and 3.19 mg.g
À1 for Pb (Yu et al. 2001).
Several factors are responsible for adsorption capacity of sawdust and other
adsorbent such as time of contact, pH, concentration of adsorbent, initial metal
concentrations, adsorbate concentration, temperature, adsorbent particle size, etc.
(Park et al. 2010). To understand the principle and mechanism behind the adsorption, different models are done such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–
Radushkevich isotherm models, etc. (Shukla et al. 2002). They give ideas about
sorption capacity, sorption intensity, and energy adsorption. Pretreatment of sawdust
and other adsorbent can enhance their adsorption efficiency by increasing the
adsorption site amount and exchange properties that favor the metal removal.
Sawdusts of poplar, willow, fir, oak, and black locust wood have been applied for
the removal of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Ni from aqueous solutions; along with this, effects of
contact time, pH, and particle size have also been investigated. Cu was maximally
removed followed by Ni > Zn > Cd. The adsorption of metals increased with
decreasing the particle size of sawdust (Sciban and Kasnja 2004).
8.5.3 Use of Other Agricultural Residues
and Characterization Process
Other agricultural residues include sugarcane bagasse that is found to be one of the
most lucrative sorbents, especially available in tropical regions (Sarker et al. 2017).
It is produced as a by-product of the sugar and bioethanol mills in large quantities
and can significantly remove a wide range of heavy metal from contaminated system
(do Carmo Ramos et al. 2016). Fibrous residue of sugarcane bagasse contains
several functional groups that bind with the metals (Abdelhafez and Li 2016). Just
like sawdust and rice husk, the sorption efficiency of sugarcane bagasse is also
190
Monika et al.