expand this technology, more endeavors are required in the development of novel
catalysts and regulatory mechanism in the amount of hydroxyl radical produced in
advanced oxidation processes. Presently, biological treatment processes are commonly applied for removal of nitrogen wastes. These processes do not require
expensive chemical catalysts and thus come across as a cost-effective technique.
Furthermore, incorporation of hybrid systems in conjunction with anammox process
or partial nitrification-denitrification can be an effective way for removal of nitrogen
from wastewater. However, good regulatory control over dissolved oxygen and
biodegradable organic matter is necessary for easy running of biological treatment
processes. This approach also allows energy and resource recovery from wastewater
and thus conceptualizes existence of circular economy.
Acknowledgment The authors are thankful to the University Grants Commission (UGC), New
Delhi, and Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad for research fellowship to P.C. and K.Y respectively. The authors thank DST-FIST for the support to the Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of
Mines) Dhanbad.
References
Abdel-Shafy HI, El-Khateeb MA, Mansour MSM (2016) Treatment of leather industrial wastewater
via combined advanced oxidation and membrane filtration. Water SciTechnol 74(3):586–594.
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.234
Abzazou T, Araujo RM, Auset M, Salvadó H (2016) Tracking and quantification of nitrifying
bacteria in biofilm and mixed liquor of a partial nitrification MBBR pilot plant using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Sci Total Environ 541:1115–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2015.10.007
Achak M, Boumya W, Ouazzani N, Mandi L (2019) Preliminary evaluation of constructed wetlands
for nutrients removal from olive mill wastewater (OMW) after passing through a sand filter.
Ecol Eng 136:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.06.007
Afonso MD, Jaber JO, Mohsen MS (2004) Brackish groundwater treatment by reverse osmosis in
Jordan. Desalination 164(2):157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00175-4
Albornoz LL, Marder L, Benvenuti T, Bernardes AM (2019) Electrodialysis applied to the
treatment of an university sewage for water recovery. J Environ Chem Eng 7(2):102982.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.102982
Anfruns A, Gabarró J, Gonzalez-Olmos R, Puig S, Balaguer MD, Colprim J (2013) Coupling
anammox and advanced oxidation-based technologies for mature landfill leachate treatment. J
Hazard Mater 258–259:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.04.027
Arp DJ, Sayavedra-Soto LA, Hommes NG (2002) Molecular biology and biochemistry of ammonia
oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea. Arch Microbiol 178(4):250–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00203-002-0452-0
Ashkanani A, Almomani F, Khraisheh M, Bhosale R, Tawalbeh M, AlJaml K (2019) Bio-carrier
and operating temperature effect on ammonia removal from secondary wastewater effluents
using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). Sci Total Environ 693:133425. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.231
Bashir MJK, Aziz HA, Yusoff MS, Huqe AA, Mohajeri S (2010) Effects of ion exchange resins in
different mobile ion forms on semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment. Water Sci Technol 61
(3):641–649. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.867
166
P. Chawley et al.
catalysts and regulatory mechanism in the amount of hydroxyl radical produced in
advanced oxidation processes. Presently, biological treatment processes are commonly applied for removal of nitrogen wastes. These processes do not require
expensive chemical catalysts and thus come across as a cost-effective technique.
Furthermore, incorporation of hybrid systems in conjunction with anammox process
or partial nitrification-denitrification can be an effective way for removal of nitrogen
from wastewater. However, good regulatory control over dissolved oxygen and
biodegradable organic matter is necessary for easy running of biological treatment
processes. This approach also allows energy and resource recovery from wastewater
and thus conceptualizes existence of circular economy.
Acknowledgment The authors are thankful to the University Grants Commission (UGC), New
Delhi, and Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad for research fellowship to P.C. and K.Y respectively. The authors thank DST-FIST for the support to the Department
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of
Mines) Dhanbad.
References
Abdel-Shafy HI, El-Khateeb MA, Mansour MSM (2016) Treatment of leather industrial wastewater
via combined advanced oxidation and membrane filtration. Water SciTechnol 74(3):586–594.
https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.234
Abzazou T, Araujo RM, Auset M, Salvadó H (2016) Tracking and quantification of nitrifying
bacteria in biofilm and mixed liquor of a partial nitrification MBBR pilot plant using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Sci Total Environ 541:1115–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2015.10.007
Achak M, Boumya W, Ouazzani N, Mandi L (2019) Preliminary evaluation of constructed wetlands
for nutrients removal from olive mill wastewater (OMW) after passing through a sand filter.
Ecol Eng 136:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.06.007
Afonso MD, Jaber JO, Mohsen MS (2004) Brackish groundwater treatment by reverse osmosis in
Jordan. Desalination 164(2):157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(04)00175-4
Albornoz LL, Marder L, Benvenuti T, Bernardes AM (2019) Electrodialysis applied to the
treatment of an university sewage for water recovery. J Environ Chem Eng 7(2):102982.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.102982
Anfruns A, Gabarró J, Gonzalez-Olmos R, Puig S, Balaguer MD, Colprim J (2013) Coupling
anammox and advanced oxidation-based technologies for mature landfill leachate treatment. J
Hazard Mater 258–259:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.04.027
Arp DJ, Sayavedra-Soto LA, Hommes NG (2002) Molecular biology and biochemistry of ammonia
oxidation by Nitrosomonas europaea. Arch Microbiol 178(4):250–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00203-002-0452-0
Ashkanani A, Almomani F, Khraisheh M, Bhosale R, Tawalbeh M, AlJaml K (2019) Bio-carrier
and operating temperature effect on ammonia removal from secondary wastewater effluents
using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). Sci Total Environ 693:133425. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.231
Bashir MJK, Aziz HA, Yusoff MS, Huqe AA, Mohajeri S (2010) Effects of ion exchange resins in
different mobile ion forms on semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment. Water Sci Technol 61
(3):641–649. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.867
166
P. Chawley et al.