conductivity and infiltration rate of soil (Lado et al. 2005). Infiltration rate of
wastewater irrigated soil is mainly affected by duration of the wastewater irrigation.
Gharaibeh et al. (2007) observed that wastewater irrigation of soil up to 5 years
significantly lowered down the infiltration rate, although irrigation period extends to
15 years, increased the infiltration rate due to the large cracks formation.
6.4.2 Water Resources
The long-term wastewater irrigation not only affect the soil properties, i.e., alkalinity, salinity, nitrates, presence of potential contaminants, pathogenic threats, etc., but
also lead to deterioration of groundwater quality due to the presence of excess salt,
nitrates, and other toxic pollutants. Groundwater shares the largest portion of
freshwater on earth, which is continuously overexploited by the various anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, industries, and also in domestic sectors, etc. Any
substance which is soluble in nature, easily penetrate to groundwater and deteriorate
its quality, e.g., wastewater contain water-soluble complexes with organic ligands
which are easily leached down into different soil layer and ultimately mixed with the
groundwater. Freshwater resources like surface water vary with different climatic
conditions but groundwater is not directly affected by such conditions. Groundwater
contamination is increasing day to day, unfortunately it is contaminated with several
potential toxic pollutants which become extremely dangerous for the living stocks.
Treatment of groundwater is very costly because it requires expensive operation
systems or other facilities. According to Agrawal et al. (2016), there is an urgent
need for consistent monitoring of the risk assessment and proper management of
groundwater to reduce the pollutant loads.
Madhav et al. (2018) reported the groundwater pollution in Bhadohi district of
Uttar Pradesh due to massive industrialization of carpet sectors, 40% groundwater
samples of this area have nitrate content above the permissible limit (>50 mg/l),
which cause harmful effect on human health, especially in children cause methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) which leads to create hypoxic condition. Gupta
et al. (2019b) studied different villages area of Jajmau, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh to
assess the groundwater quality which is badly affected by rapid industrialization.
Kanpur city is hub of various industries mainly for tannery industries, approximately
more than 800 in number. Industrial discharge containing different types of contaminants caused serious health problems to local people. These contaminants not only
affect the surface water but groundwater also gets contaminated due to leaching
processes. Results of this study showed that groundwater contains higher amounts of
TDS ranged between 2835 mg/l – 2581 mg/l, and heavy metal, mainly chromium
concentration (0.004–0.13 mg/l), exceeded its permissible limit. Cr is carcinogenic
in nature and also its hexavalent form is more dangerous than the trivalent form.
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P. K. Singh and R. K. Sharma
wastewater irrigated soil is mainly affected by duration of the wastewater irrigation.
Gharaibeh et al. (2007) observed that wastewater irrigation of soil up to 5 years
significantly lowered down the infiltration rate, although irrigation period extends to
15 years, increased the infiltration rate due to the large cracks formation.
6.4.2 Water Resources
The long-term wastewater irrigation not only affect the soil properties, i.e., alkalinity, salinity, nitrates, presence of potential contaminants, pathogenic threats, etc., but
also lead to deterioration of groundwater quality due to the presence of excess salt,
nitrates, and other toxic pollutants. Groundwater shares the largest portion of
freshwater on earth, which is continuously overexploited by the various anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, industries, and also in domestic sectors, etc. Any
substance which is soluble in nature, easily penetrate to groundwater and deteriorate
its quality, e.g., wastewater contain water-soluble complexes with organic ligands
which are easily leached down into different soil layer and ultimately mixed with the
groundwater. Freshwater resources like surface water vary with different climatic
conditions but groundwater is not directly affected by such conditions. Groundwater
contamination is increasing day to day, unfortunately it is contaminated with several
potential toxic pollutants which become extremely dangerous for the living stocks.
Treatment of groundwater is very costly because it requires expensive operation
systems or other facilities. According to Agrawal et al. (2016), there is an urgent
need for consistent monitoring of the risk assessment and proper management of
groundwater to reduce the pollutant loads.
Madhav et al. (2018) reported the groundwater pollution in Bhadohi district of
Uttar Pradesh due to massive industrialization of carpet sectors, 40% groundwater
samples of this area have nitrate content above the permissible limit (>50 mg/l),
which cause harmful effect on human health, especially in children cause methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) which leads to create hypoxic condition. Gupta
et al. (2019b) studied different villages area of Jajmau, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh to
assess the groundwater quality which is badly affected by rapid industrialization.
Kanpur city is hub of various industries mainly for tannery industries, approximately
more than 800 in number. Industrial discharge containing different types of contaminants caused serious health problems to local people. These contaminants not only
affect the surface water but groundwater also gets contaminated due to leaching
processes. Results of this study showed that groundwater contains higher amounts of
TDS ranged between 2835 mg/l – 2581 mg/l, and heavy metal, mainly chromium
concentration (0.004–0.13 mg/l), exceeded its permissible limit. Cr is carcinogenic
in nature and also its hexavalent form is more dangerous than the trivalent form.
130
P. K. Singh and R. K. Sharma