53
Shapir N, Osborne JP, Johnson G, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2002) Purification, substrate
range, and metal center of AtzC: the N-isopropylammelide aminohydrolase involved in
bacterial atrazine metabolism. J Bacteriol 184(19):5376–5384. https://doi.org/10.1128/
Jb.184.19.5376-5384.2002
Shapir N, Rosendahl C, Johnson G, Andreina M, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2005a) Substrate specificity and colorimetric assay for recombinant TrzN derived from Arthrobacter aurescens TC1.
Appl Environ Microbiol 71(5):2214–2220. https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.71.5.2214-2220.2005
Shapir N, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2005b) Purification and characterization of allophanate
hydrolase (AtzF) from Pseudomonas sp strain ADP. J Bacteriol 187(11):3731–3738. https://
doi.org/10.1128/Jb.187.11.3731-3738.2005
Shapir N, Cheng G, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2006) Purification and characterization of
TrzF: biuret hydrolysis by allophanate hydrolase supports growth. Appl Environ Microbiol
72(4):2491–2495. https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.72.4.2491-2495.2006
Shimabukuro RH (1967) Atrazine metabolism and herbicidal selectivity. Plant Physiol
42(9):1269–1276. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.42.9.1269
Singh P, Suri CR, Cameotra SS (2004a) Isolation of a member of Acinetobacter species involved
in atrazine degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 317(3):697–702. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.112
Singh N, Megharaj M, Kookana RS, Naidu R, Sethunathan N (2004b) Atrazine and simazine degradation in Pennisetum rhizosphere. Chemosphere 56(3):257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2004.03.010
Smith D, Alvey S, Crowley DE (2005) Cooperative catabolic pathways within an atrazinedegrading enrichment culture isolated from soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 53(2):265–273. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2004.12.011
Streat M, Horner DJ (2000) Adsorption of highly soluble herbicides from water using activated
carbon and hypercrosslinked polymers. Process Saf Environ Prot 78(B5):363–382. https://doi.
org/10.1205/095758200530880
Strong LC, McTavish H, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2000) Field-scale remediation of atrazinecontaminated soil using recombinant Escherichia coli expressing atrazine chlorohydrolase.
Environ Microbiol 2(1):91–98. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00079.x
Sun Z, Zheng S, Ayoko GA, Frost RL, Xi Y (2013) Degradation of simazine from aqueous solutions by diatomite-supported nanosized zero-valent iron composite materials. J Hazard Mater
263(Pt 2):768–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.045
Szewczyk R, Kusmierska A, Bernat P (2018) Ametryn removal by Metarhizium brunneum: biodegradation pathway proposal and metabolic background revealed. Chemosphere 190:174–183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.011
Topp E, Mulbry WM, Zhu H, Nour SM, Cuppels D (2000) Characterization of S-triazine herbicide metabolism by a Nocardioides sp isolated from agricultural soils. Appl Environ Microbiol
66(8):3134–3141. https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.66.8.3134-3141.2000
US-EPA (2006) Atrazine: finalization of interim reregistration eligibility decision and completion
of tolerance reassessment and reregistration eligibility process. In: EPA U (ed) United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, p 91
Vargha M, Takats Z, Marialigeti K (2005) Degradation of atrazine in a laboratory scale model
system with Danube river sediment. Water Res 39(8):1560–1568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
watres.2004.10.013
Vijwani H, Nadagouda M, Mukhopadhyay S (2018) Robust nanocatalyst membranes for degradation of atrazine in water. J Process Eng 25:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.05.016
Wang QH, Zhang W, Li C, Xiao B (2012) Phytoremediation of atrazine by three emergent hydrophytes in a hydroponic system. Water Sci Technol 66(6):1282–1288. https://doi.org/10.2166/
wst.2012.320
Yang XY, Wei HY, Zhu CX, Geng B (2018) Biodegradation of atrazine by the novel Citricoccus sp
strain TT3. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 147:144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.046
2 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of S-Triazine Herbicides
Shapir N, Osborne JP, Johnson G, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2002) Purification, substrate
range, and metal center of AtzC: the N-isopropylammelide aminohydrolase involved in
bacterial atrazine metabolism. J Bacteriol 184(19):5376–5384. https://doi.org/10.1128/
Jb.184.19.5376-5384.2002
Shapir N, Rosendahl C, Johnson G, Andreina M, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2005a) Substrate specificity and colorimetric assay for recombinant TrzN derived from Arthrobacter aurescens TC1.
Appl Environ Microbiol 71(5):2214–2220. https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.71.5.2214-2220.2005
Shapir N, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2005b) Purification and characterization of allophanate
hydrolase (AtzF) from Pseudomonas sp strain ADP. J Bacteriol 187(11):3731–3738. https://
doi.org/10.1128/Jb.187.11.3731-3738.2005
Shapir N, Cheng G, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2006) Purification and characterization of
TrzF: biuret hydrolysis by allophanate hydrolase supports growth. Appl Environ Microbiol
72(4):2491–2495. https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.72.4.2491-2495.2006
Shimabukuro RH (1967) Atrazine metabolism and herbicidal selectivity. Plant Physiol
42(9):1269–1276. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.42.9.1269
Singh P, Suri CR, Cameotra SS (2004a) Isolation of a member of Acinetobacter species involved
in atrazine degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 317(3):697–702. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.03.112
Singh N, Megharaj M, Kookana RS, Naidu R, Sethunathan N (2004b) Atrazine and simazine degradation in Pennisetum rhizosphere. Chemosphere 56(3):257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chemosphere.2004.03.010
Smith D, Alvey S, Crowley DE (2005) Cooperative catabolic pathways within an atrazinedegrading enrichment culture isolated from soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 53(2):265–273. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2004.12.011
Streat M, Horner DJ (2000) Adsorption of highly soluble herbicides from water using activated
carbon and hypercrosslinked polymers. Process Saf Environ Prot 78(B5):363–382. https://doi.
org/10.1205/095758200530880
Strong LC, McTavish H, Sadowsky MJ, Wackett LP (2000) Field-scale remediation of atrazinecontaminated soil using recombinant Escherichia coli expressing atrazine chlorohydrolase.
Environ Microbiol 2(1):91–98. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00079.x
Sun Z, Zheng S, Ayoko GA, Frost RL, Xi Y (2013) Degradation of simazine from aqueous solutions by diatomite-supported nanosized zero-valent iron composite materials. J Hazard Mater
263(Pt 2):768–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.045
Szewczyk R, Kusmierska A, Bernat P (2018) Ametryn removal by Metarhizium brunneum: biodegradation pathway proposal and metabolic background revealed. Chemosphere 190:174–183.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.011
Topp E, Mulbry WM, Zhu H, Nour SM, Cuppels D (2000) Characterization of S-triazine herbicide metabolism by a Nocardioides sp isolated from agricultural soils. Appl Environ Microbiol
66(8):3134–3141. https://doi.org/10.1128/Aem.66.8.3134-3141.2000
US-EPA (2006) Atrazine: finalization of interim reregistration eligibility decision and completion
of tolerance reassessment and reregistration eligibility process. In: EPA U (ed) United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, p 91
Vargha M, Takats Z, Marialigeti K (2005) Degradation of atrazine in a laboratory scale model
system with Danube river sediment. Water Res 39(8):1560–1568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
watres.2004.10.013
Vijwani H, Nadagouda M, Mukhopadhyay S (2018) Robust nanocatalyst membranes for degradation of atrazine in water. J Process Eng 25:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.05.016
Wang QH, Zhang W, Li C, Xiao B (2012) Phytoremediation of atrazine by three emergent hydrophytes in a hydroponic system. Water Sci Technol 66(6):1282–1288. https://doi.org/10.2166/
wst.2012.320
Yang XY, Wei HY, Zhu CX, Geng B (2018) Biodegradation of atrazine by the novel Citricoccus sp
strain TT3. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 147:144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.046
2 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of S-Triazine Herbicides