47
the difficulty in working with anaerobic cultures and slow growth of anaerobes.
Under anaerobic conditions, soil samples can be enriched using either sulphate
(20 mM of sodium sulphate) or nitrate (20 mM of potassium nitrate) as electron
acceptors.
2.6 Analysis of S-Triazine Herbicide Degradation
In the early 1970s, triazine herbicides were analysed spectrophotometrically in the
visible and UV regions and by paper- and thin-layer chromatography. Until the last
decade, radiolabeled atrazine was used to study the uptake and detoxification of
atrazine followed by quantification with thin-layer chromatography or highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Advanced chromatographic
approaches such as GC and HPLC have been developed for the detection of triazine
herbicides. Abbas et al. (2015) reviewed the application of gas chromatography and
high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of triazine herbicide residues
in various samples. Li et al. (2008) extracted atrazine with dichloromethane from
soil and liquid media and analysed with gas chromatography system equipped with
a flame ionization detector. Alkali flame detector and electrolytic conductivity
detector were used together with a flame photometric detector which is specific for
methylthiotriazines and microcoulometric detector specific for chlorotriazines for
analysis of specific triazine herbicides.
63
Ni electron capture detector was used to
analyse halogenated compounds including atrazine.
HPLC is often the method of choice after extraction process. The major advantage of s-triazine analysis with HPLC is that it does not require chemical derivatization normally required for gas chromatography analysis. HPLC also provides
accurate analysis even in the presence of interfering compounds with GC such as
n-alkanes which do not absorb UV light at the wavelength chosen for triazine quantification. Pacáková et al. (1988) separated 18 s-triazine derivatives using reversedphase C18 columns with both UV and amperometric detection by HPLC. UV
detection was good for detection of all triazines, while amperometric is useful for
hydroxyl derivatives of triazine compounds. Further confirmation can be done with
gas chromatography- or liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry in conjunction
with thermospray coupling using either a high-resolution or a quadrupole mass
spectrometer. There are several studies of HPLC being used as the preferred technique for triazine analysis.
2.7 Conclusion
Farmers have concern over the ban of atrazine. Atrazine ban will have substantial
financial impacts on farmer as well as nation economy. An estimated 2 billion dollars and as much as 343 million dollar were estimated to be the revenue loss
2 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of S-Triazine Herbicides
the difficulty in working with anaerobic cultures and slow growth of anaerobes.
Under anaerobic conditions, soil samples can be enriched using either sulphate
(20 mM of sodium sulphate) or nitrate (20 mM of potassium nitrate) as electron
acceptors.
2.6 Analysis of S-Triazine Herbicide Degradation
In the early 1970s, triazine herbicides were analysed spectrophotometrically in the
visible and UV regions and by paper- and thin-layer chromatography. Until the last
decade, radiolabeled atrazine was used to study the uptake and detoxification of
atrazine followed by quantification with thin-layer chromatography or highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Advanced chromatographic
approaches such as GC and HPLC have been developed for the detection of triazine
herbicides. Abbas et al. (2015) reviewed the application of gas chromatography and
high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of triazine herbicide residues
in various samples. Li et al. (2008) extracted atrazine with dichloromethane from
soil and liquid media and analysed with gas chromatography system equipped with
a flame ionization detector. Alkali flame detector and electrolytic conductivity
detector were used together with a flame photometric detector which is specific for
methylthiotriazines and microcoulometric detector specific for chlorotriazines for
analysis of specific triazine herbicides.
63
Ni electron capture detector was used to
analyse halogenated compounds including atrazine.
HPLC is often the method of choice after extraction process. The major advantage of s-triazine analysis with HPLC is that it does not require chemical derivatization normally required for gas chromatography analysis. HPLC also provides
accurate analysis even in the presence of interfering compounds with GC such as
n-alkanes which do not absorb UV light at the wavelength chosen for triazine quantification. Pacáková et al. (1988) separated 18 s-triazine derivatives using reversedphase C18 columns with both UV and amperometric detection by HPLC. UV
detection was good for detection of all triazines, while amperometric is useful for
hydroxyl derivatives of triazine compounds. Further confirmation can be done with
gas chromatography- or liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry in conjunction
with thermospray coupling using either a high-resolution or a quadrupole mass
spectrometer. There are several studies of HPLC being used as the preferred technique for triazine analysis.
2.7 Conclusion
Farmers have concern over the ban of atrazine. Atrazine ban will have substantial
financial impacts on farmer as well as nation economy. An estimated 2 billion dollars and as much as 343 million dollar were estimated to be the revenue loss
2 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of S-Triazine Herbicides