37
catalysed by atrazine chlorohydrolase (AtzA) or triazine hydrolase (TrzN), hydroxyatrazine N-ethylaminohydrolase (AtzB) (BoundyMills et al. 1997), and
N-isopropylammelide aminohydrolase (AtzC) (Sadowsky et al. 1998). In Gramnegative bacteria, AtzA is responsible for dechlorination of atrazine (deSouza et al.
1996). TrzN of Gram-positive bacteria showed broad-spectrum activity, not only
dehalogenation but also dislodges azido, cyano, S-alkyl, and O-alkyl substituents of
Table 2.2 List of bacterial genera capable of degrading various triazine herbicides
Pesticide
Bacteria
References
Atrazine
Acinetobacter sp.
Singh et al. (2004a)
Aerobacterium sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Agrobacterium sp.
Devers et al. (2007)
Arthrobacter sp.
Shapir et al. (2005a)
Bacillus sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Chelatobacter sp.
Rousseaux et al. (2001)
Citricoccus sp.
Yang et al. (2018)
Deinococcus sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Clavibacter sp.
De Souza et al. (1998)
Delftia sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Microbacterium sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Micrococcus sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Nocardioides sp.
Piutti et al. (2003)
Polaromonas sp.
Devers et al. (2007)
Pseudaminobacter sp.
Topp et al. (2000)
Pseudomonas sp.
Mandelbaum et al. (1995)
Ralstonia sp.
Radosevich et al. (1995)
Rhizobium sp.
Bouquard et al. (1997)
Rhodococcus sp.
Behki et al. (1993)
Sinorhizobium sp.
Devers et al. (2007)
Ametryn
Agrobacterium sp.
Moscinski et al. (1996)
Cyanazine
Agrobacterium sp.
Moscinski et al. (1996)
Rhodococcus sp.
Behki (1993)
Prometon
Agrobacterium sp.
Moscinski et al. (1996)
Prometryn
Bacillus sp.
Mizrachi (1994)
Leucobacter sp.
Liu et al. (2018)
Pseudomonas sp.
Grossenbacher (1986)
Propazine
Rhodococcus sp.
Behki (1993)
Simazine
Acinetobacter sp.
Feakin et al. (1995)
Agrobacterium sp.
Liao and Xie (2008)
Klebsiella sp.
Sánchez et al. (2005)
Rhodococcus sp.
Behki (1993)
Moraxella (Branhamella) sp.
Kodama et al. (2001)
Pseudomonas sp.
Hernandez et al. (2008)
Simetryn
Bacillus sp.
Mizrachi (1994)
Note: Gram-positive bacteria have the ability to degrade more than one s-triazine pesticide
2 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of S-Triazine Herbicides
catalysed by atrazine chlorohydrolase (AtzA) or triazine hydrolase (TrzN), hydroxyatrazine N-ethylaminohydrolase (AtzB) (BoundyMills et al. 1997), and
N-isopropylammelide aminohydrolase (AtzC) (Sadowsky et al. 1998). In Gramnegative bacteria, AtzA is responsible for dechlorination of atrazine (deSouza et al.
1996). TrzN of Gram-positive bacteria showed broad-spectrum activity, not only
dehalogenation but also dislodges azido, cyano, S-alkyl, and O-alkyl substituents of
Table 2.2 List of bacterial genera capable of degrading various triazine herbicides
Pesticide
Bacteria
References
Atrazine
Acinetobacter sp.
Singh et al. (2004a)
Aerobacterium sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Agrobacterium sp.
Devers et al. (2007)
Arthrobacter sp.
Shapir et al. (2005a)
Bacillus sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Chelatobacter sp.
Rousseaux et al. (2001)
Citricoccus sp.
Yang et al. (2018)
Deinococcus sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Clavibacter sp.
De Souza et al. (1998)
Delftia sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Microbacterium sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Micrococcus sp.
Vargha et al. (2005)
Nocardioides sp.
Piutti et al. (2003)
Polaromonas sp.
Devers et al. (2007)
Pseudaminobacter sp.
Topp et al. (2000)
Pseudomonas sp.
Mandelbaum et al. (1995)
Ralstonia sp.
Radosevich et al. (1995)
Rhizobium sp.
Bouquard et al. (1997)
Rhodococcus sp.
Behki et al. (1993)
Sinorhizobium sp.
Devers et al. (2007)
Ametryn
Agrobacterium sp.
Moscinski et al. (1996)
Cyanazine
Agrobacterium sp.
Moscinski et al. (1996)
Rhodococcus sp.
Behki (1993)
Prometon
Agrobacterium sp.
Moscinski et al. (1996)
Prometryn
Bacillus sp.
Mizrachi (1994)
Leucobacter sp.
Liu et al. (2018)
Pseudomonas sp.
Grossenbacher (1986)
Propazine
Rhodococcus sp.
Behki (1993)
Simazine
Acinetobacter sp.
Feakin et al. (1995)
Agrobacterium sp.
Liao and Xie (2008)
Klebsiella sp.
Sánchez et al. (2005)
Rhodococcus sp.
Behki (1993)
Moraxella (Branhamella) sp.
Kodama et al. (2001)
Pseudomonas sp.
Hernandez et al. (2008)
Simetryn
Bacillus sp.
Mizrachi (1994)
Note: Gram-positive bacteria have the ability to degrade more than one s-triazine pesticide
2 Biodegradation and Bioremediation of S-Triazine Herbicides