31
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
K. M. Gothandam et al. (eds.), Environmental Biotechnology Vol. 3,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 50,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48973-1_2
Chapter 2
Biodegradation and Bioremediation
of S-Triazine Herbicides
Kumar Rajendran, Latha Pujari, and Kannapiran Ethiraj
Contents
2.1 Introduction
32
2.1.1 S-Triazine Herbicides
33
2.1.2 Atrazine
35
2.2 Biodegradation
36
2.2.1 Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides by Bacteria
36
2.2.2 Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides by Fungus
41
2.2.3 Biodegradation of S-Triazine Herbicides by Plants
41
2.2.4 Abiotic Degradation of S-Triazine Herbicides
42
2.3 Bioremediation
42
2.3.1 Phytoremediation
43
2.3.2 Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation
43
2.3.3 Enzymatic Bioremediation
44
2.3.4 Factors Affecting Atrazine Biodegradation
44
2.4 Nanotechnology in Removal of S-Triazine Pesticides
45
2.5 Isolation of S-Triazine-Degrading Microorganisms
46
2.6 Analysis of S-Triazine Herbicide Degradation
47
2.7 Conclusion
47
References
48
K. Rajendran (*)
Aquatic Microbiology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management,
Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management and Biocatalyst & Environmental
Biotechnology Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University,
Bangkok, Thailand
L. Pujari
Department of Pharmacology, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy,
Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
K. Ethiraj
Aquatic Microbiology Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management,
Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India