27
Lee JW, Kim HU, Choi S, Yi J, Lee SY (2011) Microbial production of building block chemicals
and polymers. Curr Opin Biotech 22:758–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.02.011
Leja K, Lewandowicz G (2010) Polymer biodegradation and biodegradable polymers: a review.
Pol J Environ Stud 19:255–266
Li WC, Tse HF, Fok L (2016) Plastic waste in the marine environment: a review of sources,
occurrence and effects. Sci Total Environ 566:333–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2016.05.084
Lithner D, Larsson Å, Dave G (2011) Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment
of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Sci Total Environ 409:3309–3324. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038
Liu EK, He WQ, Yan CR (2014) ‘White revolution’ to ‘white pollution’-agricultural plastic film
mulch in China. Environ Res Lett 9:091001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/9/091001
Lotti M (2017) Do occupational exposures to vinyl chloride cause hepatocellular carcinoma and
cirrhosis? Liver Int 37(5):630–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13326
Luckachan GE, Pillai CKS (2011) Biodegradable polymers-a review on recent trends and emerging perspectives. J Polym Environ 19:637–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0317-1
Lusher AL, Hernandez Milian G, O’Brien J, Berrow S, O’Connor I, Officer R (2015) Microplastic
and macroplastic ingestion by a deep diving, oceanic cetacean: the True’s beaked whale
Mesoplodon mirus. Environ Pollut 199:185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.023
McCarty NS, Ledesma Amaro R (2018) Synthetic biology tools to engineer microbial communities for biotechnology. Trends biotechnol 36:181–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tibtech.2018.11.002
Meeker JD, Sathyanarayana S, Swan SH (2009) Phthalates and other additives in plastics:
human exposure and associated health outcomes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
364(1526):2097–2113. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0268
Miyakawa T, Mizushima H, Ohtsuka J, Oda M, Kawai F, Tanokura M (2015) Structural basis for
the Ca 2+-enhanced thermostability and activity of PET-degrading cutinase-like enzyme from
Saccharomonospora viridis AHK190. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(10):4297–4307. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6272-8
Murariu M, Dubois P (2016) PLA composites: from production to properties. Adv Drug Deliv Rev
107:17–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.003
Nauendorf A, Krause S, Bigalke NK, Gorb EV, Gorb SN, Haeckel M, Wahl M, Treude T (2016)
Microbial colonization and degradation of polyethylene and biodegradable plastic bags in temperate fine-grained organic-rich marine sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 103:168–178. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.024
Negoro S, Shibata N, Tanaka Y, Yasuhira K, Shibata H, Hashimoto H, Lee YH, Oshima S, Santa
R, Mochiji K, Goto Y (2012) Three-dimensional structure of nylon hydrolase and mechanism
of nylon-6 hydrolysis. J Biol Chem 287:5079–5090. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.321992
Nicholson J (2017) The chemistry of polymers. Royal Society of Chemistry, London
Nieva-Echevarría B, Manzanos MJ, Goicoechea E, Guillén MD (2015) 2, 6-Di-tert-butylhydroxytoluene and its metabolites in foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 14:67–80. https://
doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12121
O’Brine T, Thompson RC (2010) Degradation of plastic carrier bags in the marine environment.
Mar Pollut Bull 60:2279–2283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.08.005
Orr IG, Hadar Y, Sivan A (2004) Colonization, biofilm formation and biodegradation of polyethylene by a strain of Rhodococcus ruber. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1:97–104. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00253-004-1584-8
Otake Y, Kobayashi T, Asabe H, Murakami N, Ono K (1995) Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and urea formaldehyde resin buried under soil for
over 32 years. J Appl Polym Sci 56:1789–1796. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070561309
Pagliano G, Ventorino V, Panico A, Pepe O (2017) Integrated systems for biopolymers and bioenergy production from organic waste and by-products: a review of microbial processes.
Biotechnol Biofuels 10:113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0802-4
1 Microbial Degradation of Plastics and Its Biotechnological Advancement
Lee JW, Kim HU, Choi S, Yi J, Lee SY (2011) Microbial production of building block chemicals
and polymers. Curr Opin Biotech 22:758–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.02.011
Leja K, Lewandowicz G (2010) Polymer biodegradation and biodegradable polymers: a review.
Pol J Environ Stud 19:255–266
Li WC, Tse HF, Fok L (2016) Plastic waste in the marine environment: a review of sources,
occurrence and effects. Sci Total Environ 566:333–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scitotenv.2016.05.084
Lithner D, Larsson Å, Dave G (2011) Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment
of plastic polymers based on chemical composition. Sci Total Environ 409:3309–3324. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038
Liu EK, He WQ, Yan CR (2014) ‘White revolution’ to ‘white pollution’-agricultural plastic film
mulch in China. Environ Res Lett 9:091001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/9/091001
Lotti M (2017) Do occupational exposures to vinyl chloride cause hepatocellular carcinoma and
cirrhosis? Liver Int 37(5):630–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13326
Luckachan GE, Pillai CKS (2011) Biodegradable polymers-a review on recent trends and emerging perspectives. J Polym Environ 19:637–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-011-0317-1
Lusher AL, Hernandez Milian G, O’Brien J, Berrow S, O’Connor I, Officer R (2015) Microplastic
and macroplastic ingestion by a deep diving, oceanic cetacean: the True’s beaked whale
Mesoplodon mirus. Environ Pollut 199:185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.023
McCarty NS, Ledesma Amaro R (2018) Synthetic biology tools to engineer microbial communities for biotechnology. Trends biotechnol 36:181–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
tibtech.2018.11.002
Meeker JD, Sathyanarayana S, Swan SH (2009) Phthalates and other additives in plastics:
human exposure and associated health outcomes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
364(1526):2097–2113. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0268
Miyakawa T, Mizushima H, Ohtsuka J, Oda M, Kawai F, Tanokura M (2015) Structural basis for
the Ca 2+-enhanced thermostability and activity of PET-degrading cutinase-like enzyme from
Saccharomonospora viridis AHK190. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99(10):4297–4307. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6272-8
Murariu M, Dubois P (2016) PLA composites: from production to properties. Adv Drug Deliv Rev
107:17–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.003
Nauendorf A, Krause S, Bigalke NK, Gorb EV, Gorb SN, Haeckel M, Wahl M, Treude T (2016)
Microbial colonization and degradation of polyethylene and biodegradable plastic bags in temperate fine-grained organic-rich marine sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 103:168–178. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.024
Negoro S, Shibata N, Tanaka Y, Yasuhira K, Shibata H, Hashimoto H, Lee YH, Oshima S, Santa
R, Mochiji K, Goto Y (2012) Three-dimensional structure of nylon hydrolase and mechanism
of nylon-6 hydrolysis. J Biol Chem 287:5079–5090. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.321992
Nicholson J (2017) The chemistry of polymers. Royal Society of Chemistry, London
Nieva-Echevarría B, Manzanos MJ, Goicoechea E, Guillén MD (2015) 2, 6-Di-tert-butylhydroxytoluene and its metabolites in foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 14:67–80. https://
doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12121
O’Brine T, Thompson RC (2010) Degradation of plastic carrier bags in the marine environment.
Mar Pollut Bull 60:2279–2283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.08.005
Orr IG, Hadar Y, Sivan A (2004) Colonization, biofilm formation and biodegradation of polyethylene by a strain of Rhodococcus ruber. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1:97–104. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00253-004-1584-8
Otake Y, Kobayashi T, Asabe H, Murakami N, Ono K (1995) Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and urea formaldehyde resin buried under soil for
over 32 years. J Appl Polym Sci 56:1789–1796. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070561309
Pagliano G, Ventorino V, Panico A, Pepe O (2017) Integrated systems for biopolymers and bioenergy production from organic waste and by-products: a review of microbial processes.
Biotechnol Biofuels 10:113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0802-4
1 Microbial Degradation of Plastics and Its Biotechnological Advancement